Gambling on College Sports Essay Example for Free

Gambling on College Sports Essay Gambling on College Sports BY jawz03 Segment 3 Essay November 7, 2012 What Are the Effects of Legal vs. Illegal Gambling on College Sports? IVe been a sports fanatic since the day I was born. It didnt matter if I was playing or watching or cheering, I Just loved being around the game. I have always been very knowledgeable about it too, as I was well known and titled by extended family as the stat man. This of course referred to the often times erroneous and useless facts rattling around in my brain that I couldnt help but show off. Needless to say, this topic means a lot to me, especially being a college football player myself. I couldnt pass up this opportunity to dig deeper into a topic that has lingered in our country for years. The issues that pertain to gambling on college athletics have a vast range of opinions that stem from the questions; should gambling on college athletics be legal? What are the effects it has on the college athletes? Some argue that it will be detrimental to the game and some argue it has little to no effect, however most land somewhere in the middle. A common Justification against gambling brings up the numerous scandals of players taking illegal benefits or point shaving and in extreme ases these events leading to Jail or death. This side also argues that it allows players to get mixed up with the wrong crowd and put themselves in danger. Arguments for gambling site the economic reach it has in our country and the illegality will shrink the economy as well as not protect the players any more. Many people on this side think it will not be stopped so if gambling on college sports is illegalized, then every form of it will be illegal causing more trouble. My goal is to reveal those opinions and create a more complex understanding from various viewpoints, and hopefully bring a mall degree of clarification to others and myself. In the article, Even at Columbia, Gambling And College Athletics Collide found in the New York Times, Jack Curry and Adam Gershenson enlighten the readers about the gambling infractions that occurred in a Columbia University fraternity house. The authors begin by describing the situation and basic details of the gambling process. (They) would accept bets on sporting events from dozens of other students and then phone in the wagers typically from $40 to $200 each to a gambling ring based in Queens and operated by people with links to organized crime (Curry and Gershenson). They go on to unravel the situation further by stating that there were not only college athletes betting on the games, but even current and former players living in the house that was tirelessly on the phone collecting wagers. Curry and Gershens on then discuss the further investigations done by Columbia and the NCAA and the possible disciplinary action that the offenders can face. The authors then write about the numerous amounts of sports gambling incidents in the last decade and also how students and athletes looked upon the Columbia gambling scandal with lesser importance because of the lack of athletic excellence. The presence of a ambling operation with connections to organized crime at a school whose football team is best known tor a 44-game losing streak in the 1980s seemed incongruous (Curry and Gershenson). An athlete was also quoted saying, Its not like this is Arkansas or something. This is Columbia. Curry and Gershenson conclude their article by including a nationwide 1996 survey of college Division one athletes that reveals 25 percent gambled on other college sports and four percent admitted to gambling on games they had played in. I believe this is an article with good overall quality, even though it was written about 14 years ago in 1998. The time period constraint may lead to questions of relevance to readers in 2012. However, I think if you t ake all the dates and years out of the article, the purpose is still fulfilled and relays the same messages. The intent of the article was to inform about the events of the Columbia gambling ring, the reaction around campus, and the nationwide relevance. The authors Jack Curry and Adam Gershenson, are fairly unknown writers as far as I am concerned but that doesnt take away from the quality of the article because it was included in The New York Times, which only adds credibility. For this reason, there would be a nationwide udience because of the shear number of readers. Specifically, the audience would probably be more of the businessman or woman, who are the stereotypical readers of The New York Times. The exigence of this piece was the arrest of gambling ring participants at Columbia but also the fact that these types of gambling scandals had been becoming more and more common in that time period. This was a very eye-opening article for me to read and by far the longest and most in depth. Since it was written 14 years ago, it is a story that I was previously unaware of. It made me even more aware then I already was, of how long this problem has ingered in college sports. It mentioned, more then once, that there are bookies on every campus in America. This really made me think about how unbelievable the number of illegal bets being placed by college students and athletes must be. However, even though this article is depicting the illegal gambling as a bad thing, I think it unintentionally makes arguments for both sides of the issue. If gambling on college sports were acceptable, this would have been a legal act. Hypothetically if it were legal, it would cut down on crime like this, which is usually linked to people with other criminal activity going on. Disconnecting the link to other criminal activity would make it all around safer for bookies and bet placers and athletes, because frankly, I think that people will never stop gambling on sporting events. I had always just assumed that gambling on college sports should be illegal, but this article made me reconsider whether that would really be the smartest and safest resolution. In the article NCAA threatens to move events out of New Jersey from Sportslllustrated. com, the unnamed author introduces the proposed plan to legalize sports gambling in New Jersey as well as reaction from sports organizations ationwide. The writer kicks off the article by stating background information about New Jerseys push to legalize sports wagering. The article then goes on to describe the reaction from sports organizations, and goes in depth on the quotes from NCAA officials as well as their threats to move all playoff games out of New Jersey. It is also mentioned that The NCAA, NFL, NBA, NHL, and MLB have collectively sued to block New Jerseys sports betting law from taking effect. However, there is also information and quotes from parties that are for the sports betting law. Quotes from State senator Raymond Lesniak and rnor Chris Christie demonstrate their support tor the new law. The article is concluded with talk of several new gambling options New Jersey is seeking to offer (NCAA Threatens). The author writes that these other options include in-state Internet gambling and the use of hand-held mobile gambling devices at the casinos as well as at horse tracks. I thought this article was fairly credible and factual as well. It did not have an author to add to credibility but being a Sports Illustrated article maintained its effectiveness. I believe this piece was intended to inform the audience of residents of New Jersey as well as pretty involved sports fans. People who would read Sports Illustrated would obviously Just be in it for the sports because that is the only information it obtains. This also acts as a constraint. The article cannot reach as much of the population because not everyone is a sports fan. The event that triggered this response was the attempt to make sports gambling legal in the state of New Jersey. My understanding of gambling in college sports was drastically upgraded by reading this article. It was an informative piece, so there was very little, if any, bias in the writing. The inclusion of statistics and legality of the topic really helped me understand why the sports organizations are hoping that the law will not pass. The shear amounts of money changing hands can lead to a lot of trouble, however for the same reason, legalizing that money could really boost economic growth. These types of pros and cons exist on both sides, making it an even tougher issue to sort out. My next source comes from a script from the testimony of Danny Sheridan before the Senate Commerce Committee on April 26, 2001. The testimony was for a hearing for the Amateur Sports Integrity Act (S. 18), which would determine the legality of gambling on college athletics. The first part of the testimony consists of Sheridan validating why his testimony should be considered by sharing his credibility and involvement in athletics. My name is Danny Sheridan, and I have been involved with sports and the sportsopromotion business for more than 25 years. I have published college and pro footballomagazines, written about sports in a variety of national publications, and have been theohost of a number of sports TV and radio shows Sheridan proclaims. Sheridan goes on to explain how he is also a friend of many high rofile athletes and he knows first hand the dangers that athletic gambling has on athletes. Sheridan also includes many statistics in his argument. An estimated 40 million Americans currently wager $6 billion illegally every weekend during the entire 20-week college and pro football season alone (Sheridan). The testimony is concluded by Sheridan stating that he appreciates the good intentions of trying to legalize gambling, but it would instead, result in negative effects. The rhetor, Danny Sheridan, is a very well known sports industrial component, which gives his testimony (and therefore my source) credibility. He presented this to the Senate Commerce Committee in hopes to persuade them to vote against legalization of gambling on sports. The fact that this is a testimony, instead of a highly publicized article restricts the extent his message. I found the script on his website, however it isnt an often visited site by the common Internet user, so the audience is a big constraint for this text. I found this testimony to be a great source for this project. It was interesting to read a text that wasnt Just a traditional article. My understanding tor the anti gambling side grew significantly, because it was so biased. The speaker does a great ob making his argument come full circle. For that reason, I came away from reading it with a slight lean towards supporting keeping gambling on sports illegal. Another interesting aspect is that this testimony was given in 2001. My previous source, about the gambling law in New Jersey, is a current issue, and the arguments made by Sheridan could simply be restated now with the same effects. It is astounding to see how such little progress has been made through the years. In the article Study Provides New Data on the Extent of Gambling by College Athletes, from netfiles. edu, Welch Suggs dissects a study done to determine the facts bout college athletes that gamble on sports. Suggs begins by introducing the parameters of the University of Michigan study that was released by the athletic department. The study, based on a survey of 758 football and basketball players, found that 72 percent of college football and basketball players had bet money at least once since entering college (Suggs). The author goes on to give further statistics that the survey revealed. Welch Suggs concludes the article with opposing viewpoint quotes from NCAA employee William Saum, and former NFL player Lynn Swann. Suggs last statement included next shifting attention to basketball referees o gain information about their gambling experiences. This was a questionable source to say the least. It had some solid content but the article opened as a PDF and my research failed to try and find the original homepage of the website. Likewise, the author was a mystery man as well. This text was very brief, but I believe the purpose was to inform about the findings of the survey revealed by the University of Michigan athletic department. However, the audience is hard to determine because of the unknown author and questionable website. If I were to pick an audience though, I would say it was intended for the adult college ports athlete because of the language and the inclusion of quotes from Lynn Swann. This text also has massive constraints, mainly for the same reasons as stated before. The website is random and in an odd format, therefore finding Suggs piece would be difficult to come across. The audience is extremely limited because of this, and the credibility suffers as well. Also, it did not include dates it the article, so the exigence of the piece suffers because the provoking event of the writing cannot be identified. The facts that are stated in this article hold strong relevance for this topic. It is more of an anti gambling article based on the information it presents, but it also gives a quote of the opposite viewpoint. Numbers dont lie, and the numbers from the study are very eye opening and convincing. It makes me think about how much gambling affects the games we love, without us even knowing. Since all the surveys were anonymous, nothing will develop in terms of punishment or solutions to the problem. In this sense, the article does a great Job persuading the reader. However, nowhere in the article did it give a date of the information or of when the article was ritten, so it is hard to put it in context and determine the importance. This, along with the briefness of the article, made it more difficult to shape my thinking about the topic. After analyzing the four sources included in this essay, I have yet to come to a concrete conclusion. I began researching the topic with the idea that gambling on college sports should be illegal and that all the ettects ot illegal gambling are bad. However, my research has muddied my view a little bit, which is actually a good thing because now I am informed more then I even have been. Being informed in such a ay makes me understand how this predicament has been able to linger around in our society and in our legal system for so long.

Individualistic And Holistic Biases In Environmental Ethics

Individualistic And Holistic Biases In Environmental Ethics Environmental ethics is a hybrid of both ancient and recent insights and is a discipline in the making. In addition, this is a discipline whose time has come and has come urgently. The magnitude and urgency of contemporary environmental problems known as environmental crisis form the mandate for environmental ethics. In other words, environmental ethics is a re-examination of the human attitudes and values that influence individual behaviour and government policies towards nature. The principle approaches to environmental ethics are biocentrism, egocentrism. Other topics which are related are ecofeminism and deep ecology. Moral pluralism in environmental ethics insists that we endorse all of these approaches, and employ any one of them according to circumstances. Another long-standing controversy in the philosophy is the debate between methodological individualists and methodological holists. The former hold that social facts and phenomena are reducible without remainder to facts about individuals. The latter, advocates of methodological holism argue that there are some social facts that are not reducible to facts about individuals, and that social phenomena can sometimes be adequately explained without reference to individuals. One should take into consideration that there is no necessary connection between support for methodological individualism or holism and ones position vis-Ã  -vis the naturalism debate. Nonetheless there is a tendency that naturalist people embrace methodological individualism. Still, the naturalists are also found in the holist camp. There are several philosophers who argue about individualistic environmental ethics. Two of them are Peter Singer and Tom Regan. The work of Singer and Regan generated a significant and critical response among philosophers. Many of these criticisms followed the same idea. Peter Singer is the one leading thinker who raised the profile of ethical reflection in relation to animals in our world. Some philosophers including Regan, challenge the utilitarian basis of Singers programme. Singer does not form any principle against causing animals to suffer. Singer argues that humans are different from animals, so equal consideration does not entail equal or identical treatment. Further interest and suffering are not alike. Not all interests deserve to be treated equally, and not all suffering is created equal (Desjardins 2006, p.115). According to Regan and Singer, we need to be very selective in our decisions regarding our everyday life, and we have to choose properly our type of lifestyle. We need to limit ourselves to eat meat so that we can conserve animals from the ecosystem. Moreover, both of them argue that we need to be vegetarian, and Singer continues that the boundary of considerability should be drawn somewhere between shrimp and oyster (Desjardins 2006, p.116). On the other hand, Regan most often speaks in general terms about animals but he argues that the subject of a life criterion applies to mentally normal mammals of a year or a more (Regan 1983, p.78). In my opinion, this is a very unrealistic view of the world because an ecosystem is made up of both humans and animals. If we all choose to be vegetarian than the ecosystem will be unbalanced, leading to an overpopulation of animals because animals will continue to produce without being reduced by humans. Moreover, I think that other species will ta ke over the habitat of others because of the overpopulation and this may lead to many disasters. I believe that, people are part of an ecosystem in order that the world can be balanced accordingly. However, in certain cases we find several abuses-one of them being illegal hunting which causes many endemic species to become extinct. There should always be a balance. Moreover, Regan argues that his right-based ethics, like most traditional ethical theories is individualistic. This means that ethics is concerned with protecting and promoting the well-being of individuals, not communities or societies or someones common good. This puts him at odds with many environmental and ecological thinking which is holistic where many environmentalists emphasise biotic communities or ecosystems rather than individual members which include humans of those communities. Regan warns us of environmental fascism in which individual rights are willingly sacrificed to the greater good of the whole. Environmental fascism and the rights view are like oil and water: they dont mix (Regan 1983, p.362, cited in Desjardins 2006, p.116). In addition, Regan argues that only individual animals can be said to have moral standing or, more specifically, to have rights. In Regans view, an animal that is of an endangered species has no special moral status. Singers view recognizes that it is conceivable that human interference could improve the conditions of wild animals. Moreover, he recommends a policy of leaving wild animals alone as much as possible. In fact he states that we do enough if we eliminate our own unnecessary killing and cruelty towards other animals (Singer 1990, p.227 as cited in Donaldson and Kymlicka 2011, p.159). Singer argues that we have the greater responsibility of reducing suffering than that to increase happiness. In addition, Regan endorsed the similar idea proposed by Singer that is, as long as we protect the rights of animals, other ecological concerns will take care of themselves. In my opinion, it is not a selective choice to let extinct species become endemic because they are part of the eco system for quite a good reason. I think that if those endangered species become endemic than other species cannot benefit from their benefits that contribute to the ecosystem. This is because specie in every community serves to be a prey and also, in itself, it is a predator. If this specie becomes endemic than the prey cannot eat it anymore, and the specie itself cannot kill other animals. The ecosystem is always like a chain in which one factor contributes to the other factor and in which every single step is important for the ecosystem. I believe that, we need first to reverse the long history of destruction and habitat loss before we could preserve biotic communities. In addition, the idea that some untamed wilderness untouched by human activities is a mirage. No place on earth, no animal on earth and no period on earth has escaped human influence for quite some time. The question is not whether we should actively influence the wilderness but how we should do so. For Singer and Regan it seems that the paradigms of holders of moral values are human beings. Thus only animals that are like us can have moral standing. Moral standing seems a benefit that is derived from human nature and that living beings receive only if they are similar to human beings. On the other hand, there are several philosophers who have different ideas about the holistic idea of the environment such as Rolston Holmes and J. Baird Callicott. A holistic idea of the environment deals with environments that must focus their moral concern on the interdependent functioning of the entirely ecological system and not merely on the isolated individuals who make up the system. Holmes as a representative of most environmental ethics encourages us to recognize the inherent worth of nature. According to him, an emphasis on intrinsic value, would preclude the development of a holistic environmental ethic. In fact he argues that the for what it is in itself facet of intrinsic becomes problematic in a holistic web. It is too internal and elementary; it forget relatedness and externality (Holmes 1982, p.146). Holmes has argued that nature should not be treated as a mere resource to be used but rather as a source of what we value. In fact he states One is not so much looking t o resources as sources, seeking relationships is an elemental stream of being with transcending integrities (Holmes 1983, p.183). For Holmes nature as a source of value is then itself intrinsically valuable. Holmes believed that one has to spent time with nature to be an environmentalist. Wilderness is nature which has never been locked and framed is rare. Nature is something that has been through biological processes. We do own gratitude towards biodiversity. Another thing which we value in nature is autopoeisis which means self-making. Many philosophers have argued that this defines life. Life is able to come to a certain extent. Beauty and integrity mean that it has not been whole. Holmes believed that man does not fit in nature. However, in my opinion this is not correct because we came out of wilderness. Many environmental philosophers take up the value and try to see where it comes from. Holmes understands that one has to consider the laws of nature. Holmes argues that it can be good to follow nature but also bad to follow nature. He argues that it is bad when you follow it too much. Humans also damage and modify the environment. Holmes says that this is not natural because we move things around too much. Non-human beings do not modify their environment the way that we do. According to Holmes, anything that completely upsets the balance is not natural and therefore wrong. Like Holmes, Callicott is suspicious of ethical preoccupations with individual nonhuman creatures. Callicott does not deny the fact that individual creatures can have a place as individuals in the sphere of ethical regard. However, he argues that, it is not their well-being as individuals that should be our concern. Rather, it is the well-being of the biotic community of which they are a part and to which they contribute. Callicott insists that environmental ethics locates ultimate value in the biotic community and assigns differential moral value to the constitutive individuals relative to the standards (Callicott 1980, p.337). The systems of individuals ecosystems, species and communities might be a more proper focus than those individuals themselves. One of the motivating concerns, theoretically and practically, is that we should place value on the organization of systems and communities. Following Leopold, J.Baird Callicott argues that there is intrinsic value in the integrity, stability and beauty of ecological systems (Callicott 1989, p.83). Balancing the apparent need to value systems as well as individuals has served to generate a different set of normative principles. Callicott considers this to be an entirely new ethic which will be considered below. Klonoski (1991) in his paper about Callicott holism also presents Callicotts argument about environmental ethic holism. He points out Callicotts idea that in order of the biotic community and to assign value and to prescribe legitimate use of the constituents of the community in a way that contributes to the unity, harmony and balance of the eco-system (Callicott U.d, as cited in Klonoski 1991, p.99). But the problem of shaping a value theory such that it can accommodate both individualistic value and systemic value is daunting. Callicotts holism was criticised due to insufficient room for any intrinsic value apart from the value of the system. Callicott sustains that human activities, such as agriculture and suburban and exurban development, provide some organisms with excellent habitat. But the habitats of many other organisms are severely degraded by the cultural modifications of landscapes that characterize contemporary industrial civilization. These organisms need places that are otherwise suitable for them where modifications of that kind are prohibited (Callicott 2000, p.29). Callicotts system is monistic; there is only one value, instantiated in a principle that has moral weight. Another philosopher who had a clear idea about environmental ethics is Arne Naess who had the idea of self-realization. This means that the ideal of developing ones highest potential skews the notion of value not only towards living entities but also towards those that are analogues of human beings. In my opinion, I do agree with this idea because one has to self-realise him/herself in order to be able to live in a community. In addition, if this does not happen, one does not take care of the environment and of what happens around us. We should take care of the environment because once it is exploited it takes a longer time to revert to its original state. However, this is not an issue that all people agree with because, most often, people do exploit what they have and then this result in different consequences. I believe that, the ecosystem should be made up of both humans and animals. In addition, I think that each specie has an important role to play in the ecosystem, and this is because each specie has its advantages and disadvantages in the ecosystem. If, over a period of time, there is any endemic specie, then there should be another specie which takes its role. However, most often this does not happen and this leads to different disasters. A clear example of what I am stating is when in Malta there was a type of insect the red weevil that was imported with foreign palm trees inferring. This showed that they were not being eaten by other animals, and thus they did a lot of damage to the Maltese palm trees. A specie in an ecosystem is like a link in a whole chain and if one link is broken the chain is broken too! I do disagree with Regans idea that an endemic species should not be protected. In fact I argue that we should spend some time with nature like Rolston suggests in order to admire how precious our environment is. Moreover, I think that there should be more emphasis on mans responsibility. When someone comes in contact with nature he should make sure that it should be kept as it was found because once it is exploited the effects are disastrous. It is difficult to reverse the damage and bring back nature to its original state. In my opinion the holistic view of environmental biases is more practical especially in our everyday world. There are different views of how one can respect the environment around us. The most important thing is that we do our outmost to leave part of the environment in its natural state without construction because it is our contribution to those that come after us. Most often people do not even notice how little things can harm species, not only on the earth but also marine species which are also an important part of the ecosystem. In my opinion, although nowadays there are more environmental organisations there should be more awareness of how our modelling with the eco system can affect nature around us. God created nature in order to be used but also to be protected accordingly.

Impact of Stereotypes in McQueens 12 Years a Slave

Impact of Stereotypes in McQueens 12 Years a Slave Introduction Stereotypes are a piece of our ordinary life. We hear Stereotypes consistently and all around. In some cases we can end up in a circumstance where we make Stereotypes for a vast gathering of individuals. Each individual, youthful or old, is named with either positive or negative Stereotypes. Every gathering is called by name, which does not so much fit to everybody in that particular gathering. Stereotypes influence individuals social lives, feelings, and how individuals interface with their surroundings. There are times that you are not all that open to the thought of meeting new individuals, and making new companions. You would prefer not to go outside, in light of the fact that we have put our own particular set of tenets in this world. We realize that we get censured about what we wear each and every day! We are scrutinized in which music we listen to, how we look like, how we act, and who we hang out with. We are likewise reprimanded on every other individual characteristic and blemish we have. We have put the bar far up high, perhaps excessively high for our possibilities. 12 Years a Slave Summary Steve McQueens 12 Years a Slave stars Chiwetel Ejifor as Solomon Northup, a free dark man in 1840s America. He makes his living as a fiddle player, and his wife is an educator. He is shanghaied by a couple of evil white men, and soon ends up on a boat headed to New Orleans where he is educated he will be called Platt and is sold into bondage by a deceitful agent (Paul Giamatti). As he works away for the charitable yet clashed estate holder Mr. Passage (Benedict Cumberbatch), who perceives that Platt is both taught and a craftsman, he butts head with Fords subordinates, particularly the calmly pitiless Tibeats (Paul Dano). After they have a fierce quarrel, Ford fears for his slaves life and offers him to Mr. Epps (Michael Fassbender), a dipsomaniac cruel person who claims a cotton estate. Despite the fact that Epps peruses from the scripture to his property, as he often alludes to his slaves, he is himself not resistant to sins of the flesh. He has taken the youthful Patsey (Lupita Ny ongo) his best cotton picker as his significant other, and this doesnt sit well at all with his serious wife (Sarah Paulson), whose specific scorn for blacks and her envy energizes her numerous corrupting activities to Patsey. Solomon awaits his chance, endeavors to protect a pinch of self-confidence, and sits tight for the opportunity to recover his legitimate name and additionally his crew. Perry Seibert, Rovi. Stereotype in 12 Years a Slave You dont require $20 million and 134 minutes to say something that everybody knows and concedes to so absolutely that you cant even have a level headed discussion on it any longer, in particular, bondage is awful. English producer Steve McQueens 12 Years A Slave, which discharged in India a week ago, doesnt simply show that subjection is terrible and merciless and grisly and malicious however goes ahead to exhibit, on the off chance that you missed it the first run through, or the second time or the third or fourth or fifth time, that subjugation is awful and ruthless and abhorrent and fiendish and arent we happy that this is all over and we are such decent individuals on the grounds that we have the benevolence of heart and affectability of soul to be moved and bothered by the graphically delineated torment and enduring of estate slaves in pre-civil War America. 12 Years a Slave is not a simple motion picture to be discriminating about. Its got so huge numbers of the more evident th ings right that it’s hard to wrap your head around the not really clear ways it happened. The cinematography is incredible, the acting is extraordinary, the altering is tight, and the music is more than skillful. At the same time this specialized virtuosity winds up adjusting an aesthetic extend whose fakeness is surpassed just by its clichà © both covered sublimely by the alluring appeal of the medium. The fakeness and clichà ©, as is common of such endeavors, are halfway apparent in the films steadfast generation of each Hollywood stereotype about bigotry and subjugation: Black individuals enduring – tick; psycho-cruel person slave manager – tick; gut-agitating brutality – tick; white supporter – tick. Anyhow the stereotypes alone dont clarify the lacking honesty of this great motion picture, for Django Unchained (2012), an alternate film around a slave set in before the war America, ticks off all these account buzzwords but delivers the goods as a far prevalent film. Not at all like 12 years a Slave, Quentin Tarantinos Django Unchained has a point: to excite the viewer with a basic story of retribution. In the event that Tarantinos characters are highly contrasting, it is on account of satisfying sensational necessity of the story that needs personifications to capacity. McQueens film, then again, dazed on the virtue and honorability of its imaginative mission and the ethical certitude of its topic, sways from one scene of anguish and remorselessness to an alternate from a lynching to a whipping, from a beating to a wounding, from a slapping to a hanging to a lashing to an assaulting. The cam separates the last ounce of tasteful result for each second of cam time contributed, which is not through and through amazing given that McQueen comes to silver screen from workmanship school, having been a feature establishment craftsman before turning to filmmaking. Anyhow it is stunning that McQueens characters are as one-dimensional as Tarantinos, despite the fact that 12 Years a Slave, not at all like Django Unchained, is purportedly a genuine, straight, unfazed take a gander at bondage and slave-owning America. Stereotype in Today’s Society I for one disdain stereotypes. I aversion the way that individuals think I ought to act one route due to my sex, identity, or nationality. I detest that individuals think I ought to like games on the grounds that I am a man. I loathe that individuals think I ought to be cleric in light of my identity. I detest the greater part of this on the grounds that individuals are making an idea of me situated in what they see, yet not in who I truly am. Stereotypes are an enormous issue in our general public. It puts marks about how an individual ought to act or live as per their sex, race, identity, and different actualities. This could influence people who maybe like distinctive things or do diverse exercises, however feel embarrassed about doing as such due to stereotypes. Stereotypes like all men like games or ladies are not as solid as men, are among the most well-known in our general public. Stereotypes have made a twisting of how every individual ought to be. We as a feature of the era Y ought to know how these stereotypes could influence us as people. We ought to learn not to judge and prejudge about individuals due to what we think they ought to be similar to, and ought to change our perspective about the stereotypes that are profoundly established in our general public. The negatives impacts that stereotyping causes in individuals are numerous. A percentage of the negatives impacts are mischief, poor execution in distinctive exercises, and even wellbeing issues. As per the article Long Time Effects of Stereotyping distributed in psychcentral.com, Rick Nauert contends how individuals can be influenced by stereotypes even in the wake of being presented to them. Nauert built his contentions based with respect to an investigation of the University of Toronto that demonstrates how individuals get hurt on account of stereotypes, and how it could influence their execution in distinctive undertaking. Individuals are more inclined to be forceful after theyve confronted partiality in a given circumstance. They are more inclined to show an absence of restraint. They experience difficulty making great, reasonable choices. Whats more they are more inclined to over-enjoy on undesirable sustenances says Michael Inzlicht, who drove the examination. This shows how p eople are influenced in a contrary manner due to antagonistic stereotypes. In any case not just awful stereotypes reason negative impacts in people. Great stereotypes can likewise be destructive and cause new issues. They are far more atrocious in light of the fact that individuals are not mindful they are bringing about mischief. In the article Why stereotypes are terrible actually when theyre great', distributed in the site guardian.co.uk, Oliver Burkeman clarify how great stereotypes could make an alternate issues, for example, sexism and bigotry. This can be unsafe to numerous people. Burkeman contention is situated in a study by the Duke University that found that constructive stereotypes can be destructive in diverse circumstances without individuals acknowledging they are doing as such. In this study the members were presented to fake articles identified with dark individuals. The primary article was certain and demonstrated that dark individuals are better at games. In this first article the members didnt understand this was a stereotype. Next the members were presented to an antagonistic article about that dark individuals are more inclined to brutality. At the point when asked to gauge the likelihood that a theoretical arrangement of individuals with ordinarily African-American names may carry out a wrongdoing, individuals presented to the positive stereotype appraised that probability as higher than did those presented to a negative one. The constructive stereotype (great at games) evidently prompted stronger pessimistic convictions about dark individuals than the negative one (inclined to viciousness) (Burkeman). This shows how great and terrible stereotypes are just as awful on the grounds that it causes prejudgment and prompts more concerning issues. Book: Native Son by Richard Wright All through the novel, Wright delineates the routes in which white prejudice strengths blacks into an influenced and accordingly perilous perspective. Blacks are plagued with the hardship of monetary abuse and compelled to act subserviently before their oppressors, while the media reliably depicts them as bestial beasts. Given such conditions, as Max contends, it gets to be inexorable that blacks, for example, Bigger will respond with brutality and contempt. Nonetheless, Wright accentuates the horrible twofold edged impact of prejudice: however Bigger’s viciousness originates from racial scorn, it just builds the bigotry in American culture, as it affirms bigot whites essential apprehensions about blacks. In Wrights depiction, whites successfully change blacks into their own particular negative stereotypes of darkness. Only when Bigger meets Max and starts to see whites as people does Wright offer any expectation for a method for breaking this circle of bigotry. Just when thou ghtful comprehension exists in the middle of blacks and whites will they have the capacity to see one another as people, not only as stereotypes.

The Culture of Pakistan Essay -- Culture Cultural Essays

The Culture of Pakistan I am always fascinated with other people's cultures. The New York or Californian culture always amazes me although these states are in the United States. These areas of the nation seem very different than Texas. I do not have any friends that have recently moved here from another culture so, I set out to my neighborhood Stop N Go. The clerks at this convenience store are all from other countries. One clerk whom I have talked to many times, named Sohail Shah, always spoke of Pakistan. I often listened to his stories of being in the Karachi police force or of Pakistan's different customs. Sohail Shah, a thirty year old male clerk at the Stop N Go located on North Braeswood near Chimney Rock, has been in the United States for four years. He moved here with his wife and two children to "escape punishment". Sohail claims he was in the secret police protecting the president when many governmental changes were made. Many of his co-workers were put in jail for many years for reasons he would not openly discuss. He has to work two jobs because his wife does not work. According to Mr. Shah, she will never work. In Pakistan, women are to stay home and raise children. Currently, Sohail is observing the holy month of fasting called Ramadan. This is observed during the ninth month of the Islamic year and is ordained by the Koran, the Islam holy book. The fasting begins every morning at dawn and ends immediately at sunset. Muslims cannot eat, drink or smoke at all. In the evening, regular activities resume. The Islam driven culture of Pakistan shapes everyday life. Each day, all Muslims pray five times. The first is before sunrise, the second around noon, the third in the late afternoon, the fourth immediately after sunset, and the fifth before retiring and before midnight. They face the Kaaba, which is a small box in Mecca. No matter where a Muslim is, he will pause, face the East, and pray when it is time. When Sohail lived in Pakistan, he lived in a house with his whole fa mily. As an adult, he lived with his parents and siblings as well as his wife and children. The house was large enough to accommodate over fourteen people. All the women stayed home to keep up the house and prepare meals. If the women were to go to the market, they would completely cover themselves except for their eyes. Women were not to be seen in public without covers. A... ...like the idea that the family is very close. I don't know if my entire family could live under one roof, though. During the holidays, tensions build when my whole family is together(grandparents, aunts, uncles, and cousins). The situation of the wife staying home to keep up the home, prepare meals and take care of children is a positive characteristic. When my parents were young, their mothers stayed home to do the same tasks. I believe if the economy in the U.S. improved, the mothers would stay home, if they were still married. The way of conducting funerals is sort of peculiar. Wrapping the body in a grass mat that is tied shut at the ends is bizarre by my standards. I would prefer the casket approach to funerals. My feelings towards the Pakistani culture could be defined as xenocentric. I feel that the United Stated was once family focused and crime free. I would like to live in a culture such as Pakistan's but without such extreme religious influence. I do not agree that women should be covered up in public or that they are not allowed into cemeteries. For Pakistan to be my ideal culture, it would have somewhat the same norms but freedom of religion and equality for women.

The Adaption Center for Patients with Cerebral Palsy Essay example --

The adaptations center that I had visited, help enable people with cerebral palsy to function more independently in the community. The adaptation center front entrance is wide with automatic sliding doors, so a person in a wheel chair can easily enter independently. The bathroom the door is also wide with an automatically open so that a person in wheel chair can easily use. The hallways are spacious for multiple people and wheel chair used. Locker rooms and showers are low to the floor and line up back to the room so they will have enough space. Its better this way because if the lockers wasn't line up side by side it would be congested and not enough room for wheel chair used. The elevators are wide so that many wheel chair can fit in and save a lot of trips from one floor to another, Also the button in the elevators are big and they are place lower down so it will be easy for wheel chair user to reach . The gym help people with cerebral palsy since the muscles of those are greatly affected by their condition, exercise can help improve flex ability, muscl...

“Tuesdays with Morrie” Novel Analysis

Tuesdays with Morrie Novel Analysis Morrie is about in his late seventies. â€Å"He has thinning silver hair that spills onto his forehead†¦and tufts of graying eyebrows. † (pg. 3) He lived in the late 1970s. â€Å"It is the late spring of 1979†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (pg. 3) Morrie is a sociology professor at Brandeis University. â€Å"†¦the senior class of Brandeis University†¦my favorite professor†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (pg. 3) Morrie has a wife named Charlotte, and two sons named rob and Jon. â€Å"Morrie with his wife Charlotte; Morrie with his two sons rob†¦ and Jon. † (pg. 91)Mitch is about fifty one years old and lived in the 1990s. He is a sports journalist. â€Å"I earned a master’s degree in journalism and took the first job offered, as a sports writer. ’ (pg. 16) He has an older sister and a younger brother. â€Å"You have an older sister too right? † (pg. 94), â€Å"I do indeed have a younger brother†¦two-years-younger brother . † (pg. 95) Morrie’s fortune changed when he was diagnosed with ALS. â€Å"Morrie had amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS)†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (pg. 7). ALS caused Morrie to â€Å"have trouble walking† (pg. ), and it caused him not to do a lot of other things like use the bathroom by himself. â€Å"Connie would wheel him to the toilet, then lift him from the chair and support him as he urinated into the beaker. † (pg. 49) His moral character also changed because he said, â€Å"Now that I’m suffering, I feel closer to people who suffer than I ever did before. † (pg. 50) Mitch’s fortune changes when the newspaper he works for goes on strike, â€Å"†¦the unions at my newspaper had gone on strike. † (pg. 44) His moral character also changes because Morrie â€Å"finally made him cry†. pg. 186). Mitch’s knowledge changes because he learns that â€Å"offering others what you have to give† will give you satisfaction. (pg. 126). He also learns how to find a meaningful life by â€Å"devoting yourself to loving others, devoting yourself to your community around you, and devoting yourself to something that gives you purpose and meaning. (pg. 127) I think that Morrie is a round character because we see different sides of him. We see a very emotional side like on page 185 when it says, â€Å"His eyes ot small, and then he cried†¦Ã¢â‚¬  we also see a carefree side like on page 5 when it says, â€Å"He would close his eyes and with a blissful smile begin to move to his own sense of rhythm. † I also think he is a static character because his personality, morals, or feelings didn’t change. I think Mitch is also a round character because we see different sides of him. We see a tough side on page 30 when it says, â€Å"I wear old gray sweatshirts and box in the local gym and walk around with an unlit cigarette in my mouth†¦Ã¢â‚¬  We see an emotional side on page 186 when Morrie finally makes him cry.I think Mitch is a dynamic character because in the beginning of the story Mitch is more concentrated on his work. â€Å"In a few years, I was not only penning columns. I was writing sports books, doing radio shows, and appearing regularly on TV†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (pg. 16) Then in the middle of the story he didn’t concentrate on work because he went to visit Morrie every Tuesday. I think the most important lesson Morrie taught me was to appreciate everyday in every way. Morrie said, â€Å"The loving relationships we have, the universe around us, we take these things for granted. (pg. 84) After reading this book I truly do realize that I take things for granted. I also think â€Å"detachment† really helped me. Morrie said, â€Å"Detachment doesn’t mean you don’t let the experience penetrate you. On the contrary, you let it penetrate you fully. That’s how you let it go†. (pg. 103) I think Morrie is saying that you should fe el one emotion for a short period of time then let it go so you can experience another one. The first lesson to appreciate everyday in every way relates to the world.I think it relates to the world because like Morrie said, â€Å"We are too involved in materialistic things, and they don’t satisfy us. † (pg. 84) By concentrating on materialistic things, we don’t realize the love of our family and the world around us. I think the lesson â€Å"detachment† also relates to our world. Everyday we see and hear people talking about something that happened a long time ago, and they don’t experience another emotion because they are stuck on that one.

Activity and Exercise

Chapter 38: Activity and Exercise! Test Bank! ! MULTIPLE CHOICE! ! 1.! The coordinated efforts of the musculoskeletal and nervous system maintain balance, posture, and body alignment. Body alignment refers to! ! a.! A low center of gravity balanced over a wide base of support.! b.! The result of weight, center of gravity, and balance.! c.! The relationship of one body part to another.! d.! The force that occurs in a direction to oppose movement.! ! !! ANS: C! Body alignment refers to the relationship of one body part to another body part along a horizontal or vertical line.Body balance occurs when a relatively low center of gravity is balanced over a wide, stable base of support. Coordinated body movement is a result of weight, center of gravity, and balance. Friction is a force that occurs in a direction to oppose movement.! !! DIF: Remember! REF:! 746-747! ! OBJ:! Describe the role of the musculoskeletal and nervous systems in the regulation of movement.! TOP:! Assessment! MSC:! Te aching/Learning! ! ! ! 2.! A structural curvature of the spine associated with vertebral rotation is known as! a.! Scoliosis.! b.! Osteogenesis.! c.! Osteomalacia.! .! Arthritis.! ! !! ANS: A! Scoliosis is a structural curvature of the spine associated with vertebral rotation. Osteogenesis imperfecta is an inherited disorder that makes bones porous, short, bowed, and deformed. Osteomalacia is an uncommon metabolic disease characterized by inadequate and delayed mineralization, resulting in compact and spongy bone. Arthritis is an inflammatory joint disease characterized by inflammation or destruction of the synovial membrane and articular cartilage, and by systemic signs of inflammation.! !! DIF: Remember! REF:! 749! ! OBJ:!Discuss physiological and pathological influences on body alignment and joint mobility.! TOP:! Assessment! MSC:! Teaching/Learning! ! ! ! a.! 3.! Unlike arthritis, joint degeneration! Occurs only from noninflammatory disease.! b.! Occurs only from inflammatory di sease.! c.! Involves overgrowth of bone at the articular ends.! d.! Affects mostly non–weight-bearing joints! ! !! ANS: C! Joint degeneration, which can occur with inflammatory and noninflammatory disease, is marked by changes in articular cartilage combined with overgrowth of bone at the articular ends. Degenerative changes commonly affect weight-bearing joints.! ! DIF: Understand! REF:! 749! ! OBJ:! Discuss physiological and pathological influences on body alignment and joint mobility.! TOP:! Assessment! MSC:! Teaching/Learning! ! ! The nurse is providing care to a patient who is bedridden. To prevent fatigue, the nurse raises the height of the bed. The nurse understands that balance is maintained by raising the bed to! ! 4.! a.! Prevent a shift in the nurse’s base of support.! b.! Narrow the base of support.! c.! Allow the nurse to bring his or her feet close together.! d.! Shift the center of gravity further away from the base of support.! ! !! ANS:A! Raising the h eight of the bed when performing a procedure prevents bending too far at the waist and causing a shift in the base of support. Balance is maintained by maintaining proper body alignment and posture through two simple techniques. First, widen the base of support by separating the feet to a comfortable distance. Second, increase balance by bringing the center of gravity closer to the base of support.! !! DIF: Understand! REF:! 747! ! OBJ:! Discuss physiological and pathological influences on body alignment and joint mobility.! TOP:! Assessment! MSC:! Teaching/Learning! ! ! ! 5.!Approximately what percentage of all back pain is associated with manual lifting tasks?! a.! 10%! b.! 25%! c.! 50%! d.! 75%! ! !! ANS: C! Half of all back pain is associated with manual lifting tasks.! !! DIF: Remember! REF:! 758! ! OBJ:! Describe how to maintain and use proper body mechanics.! TOP:! Assessment! MSC:! Teaching/Learning! ! ! ! ! The nurse is preparing to position an immobile patient. Before doin g so, the nurse must understand that! ! 6.! a.! Manual lifting is the easier method and should be tried first.! b.! Following body mechanics principles alone will prevent back injury.! c.!Body mechanics can be ignored when patient handling equipment is used.! d.! Body mechanics alone are not sufficient to prevent injuries.! ! !! ANS: D! Body mechanics alone are not sufficient to prevent musculoskeletal injuries when positioning or transferring patients. The use of patient-handling equipment in combination with proper body mechanics is more effective than either one in isolation. Body mechanics cannot be ignored even when patient handling equipment is being used. Manual lifting is the last resort, and it is only used when it does not involve lifting most or all of the patient’s weight.! !! DIF: Understand!REF:! 758! ! OBJ:! Describe how to maintain and use proper body mechanics.! TOP:! Assessment! MSC:! Teaching/Learning! ! ! ! ! ! 7.! The nurse is preparing to reposition a pa tient. Before doing so, the nurse must! a.! Assess the weight to be lifted and the assistance needed.! b.! Attempt to manually lift the patient alone before asking for assistance.! c.! Attempt a manual lift only when lifting most or all of the patient’s weight.! d.! Not use the agency lift team if a mechanical lift is available.! ! !! ANS: A! Before lifting, assess the weight to be lifted and determine the assistance needed and the resources available.Manual lifting is the last resort, and it is used when the task at hand does not involve lifting most or all of the patient’s weight. Use safe patient handling equipment in conjunction with agency lift teams to reduce the risk of injury to the patient and members of the health care team.! !! DIF: Apply! REF:! 758! ! OBJ:! Describe how to maintain and use proper body mechanics.! TOP:! Implementation!! MSC:! Teaching/Learning! ! ! ! ! Isotonic, isometric, and resistive isometric are three categories of exercise. They are cl assified according to the type of muscle contraction involved.Of the following exercises, which are considered isotonic?! ! 8.! a.! Bicycling, swimming, walking, jogging, dancing! b.! Tightening or tensing of muscles without moving body parts! c.! Push-ups, hip lifting, pushing feet against a footboard on the bed! d.! Quadriceps set exercises and contraction of the gluteal muscles! ! !! ANS: A! Examples of isotonic exercises are walking, swimming, dance aerobics, jogging, bicycling, and moving arms and legs with light resistance. Isometric exercises involve tightening or tensing of muscles without moving body parts. Examples include quadriceps set exercises and contraction of the gluteal muscles.Examples of resistive isometric exercises are push-ups and hip lifting, as well as placing a footboard on the foot of the bed for patients to push against with their feet.! !! DIF: Remember! REF:! 747! ! OBJ:! Describe how exercise and activity benefit physiological and psychological functio ning.! TOP:! Assessment! MSC:! Teaching/Learning! ! ! 9.! In planning a physical activity program for a patient, the nurse must understand that! ! a.! Isotonic exercises cause contraction without changing muscle length.! b.! The best program includes a combination of exercises.! c.!Isometric contraction involves the movement of body parts.! d.! Resistive isometric exercises can lead to bone wasting.! ! !! ANS: B! The best program of physical activity includes a combination of exercises that produce different physiological and psychological benefits. Isotonic exercises cause muscle contractions and changes in muscle length. Isometric exercises involve tightening or tensing of muscles without moving body parts. Resistive isometric exercises help promote muscle strength and provide sufficient stress against bone to promote osteoblastic activity.! !! DIF: Understand!REF:! 747! ! OBJ:! Describe how exercise and activity benefit physiological and psychological functioning.! TOP:! Assessme nt! MSC:! Teaching/Learning! ! ! An active lifestyle is important for maintaining and promoting health. In developing an exercise program, the nurse understands that! ! 10.! a.! Physical exercise is contraindicated for patients with chronic illnesses.! b.! Regular physical activity is beneficial only for the body part that is exercised.! c.! Physical exercise has no effect on psychological well-being.! d.! Physical activity enhances functioning of all body systems.! !! ANS: D! Regular physical activity and exercise enhance the functioning of all body systems, including cardiopulmonary functioning, musculoskeletal fitness, weight control and maintenance, and psychological well-being. It is also essential in treatment for chronic illness.! !! DIF: Understand! REF:! 747! ! OBJ:! Describe the benefits of implementing an exercise program for the purpose of health promotion.! TOP:! Assessment! MSC:! Teaching/Learning! ! ! 11.! The nurse is developing an exercise program for elderly patien ts living in a nursing home.To develop a beneficial health promotion program, the nurse needs to understand that when dealing with the elderly! ! a.! Exercise is of very little benefit because the patients are old.! b.! It is important to disregard their current interests in favor of exercise.! c.! No physical benefit can be gained without a formal exercise program.! d.! Adjustments to exercise programs may have to be made to prevent problems.! ! !! ANS: D! Exercise is extremely beneficial for older adults, but adjustments to an exercise program may have to be made for those of advanced age to prevent problems.When developing an exercise program for any older adult, consider not only the person’s current activity level, range of motion, muscle strength and tone, and response to physical activity, but also the person’s interests, capacities, and limitations. Older adults who are unable to participate in a formal exercise program are able to achieve the benefits of impro ved joint mobility and enhanced circulation by simply stretching and exaggerating movements during performance of routine activities of daily living.! !! DIF: Understand! REF:! 759! ! OBJ:! Describe the benefits of implementing an exercise program for the purpose of health promotion.!TOP:! Assessment! MSC:! Teaching/Learning! ! ! The nurse is attempting to start an exercise program in a local community as a health promotion project. In explaining the purpose of the project, the nurse explains to community leaders that! ! 12.! a.! A sedentary lifestyle contributes to the development of health-related problems.! b.! The recommended frequency of workouts should be twice a day.! c.! An exercise prescription should incorporate aerobic exercise only.! d.! The purpose of weight training is to bulk up muscles.! ! !! ANS: A! A sedentary lifestyle contributes to the development of health-related problems.A holistic approach is taken to develop overall fitness and includes warm-ups, aerobic ex ercise, resistance training, weight training, and so forth. The recommended frequency of aerobic exercise is 3 to 5 times per week or every other day for approximately 30 minutes. Crosstraining is recommended for the patient who prefers to exercise every day. Some patients use weight training to bulk up their muscles. However, the purposes of weight training from a health perspective are to develop tone and strength and to simulate and maintain healthy bone.! !! DIF: Understand! REF:! 796-797! ! OBJ:!Describe the benefits of implementing exercise and activity.! TOP:! Assessment! MSC:! Teaching/Learning! ! ! ! The patient is eager to begin his exercise program with a 2-mile jog. The nurse instructs the patient to warm up with stretching exercises. The patient states that he is ready and does not want to waste time with a â€Å"warm-up. † The nurse explains that the warm-up! ! 13.! a.! Allows the body to readjust gradually to baseline functioning.! b.! Prepares the body and dec reases the potential for injury.! c.! Should not involve stretching exercises because they can lead to injury.! d.!Should be performed with high intensity to prepare for the coming challenge.! ! !! ANS: B! The warm-up activity prepares the body for activity and decreases the potential for injury. It usually lasts about 5 to 10 minutes and may include stretching, calisthenics, and/or aerobic activity performed at a lower intensity. The cool-down period allows the body to readjust gradually to baseline functioning and provides an opportunity to combine movement such as stretching with relaxation-enhancing mind-body awareness.! !! DIF: Understand! REF:! 757! ! OBJ:! Describe the benefits of implementing exercise and activity.!TOP:! Assessment! MSC:! Teaching/Learning! ! ! ! Many patients find it difficult to incorporate an exercise program into their daily lives because of time constraints. For these patients, it is beneficial to reinforce that many ADLs are used to accumulate the reco mmended 30 minutes or more per day of moderate-intensity physical activity. When instructing these patients, the nurse explains that! ! 14.! a.! Housework is not considered an aerobic exercise.! b.! To strengthen back muscles, the patient should bend using back muscles.! c.! Daily chores should begin with gentle stretches.! d.!The patient should stick to one chore until it is done before beginning a new one.! ! !! ANS: C! Daily chores should begin with gentle stretches. Housework is considered aerobic exercise. To make it more aerobic, work faster and scrub harder. Bend your legs rather than your back to prevent back injury. Alternate cleaning activities to prevent overworking the same muscle groups.! !! DIF: Understand! REF:! 757! ! OBJ:! Describe important factors to consider when planning an exercise program for patients across the life span and for those with specific chronic illnesses.! TOP:! Assessment! MSC:! Teaching/Learning! ! ! 15.!The nurse is developing an exercise plan for someone diagnosed with congestive heart failure and exercise intolerance. In doing so, the nurse should! ! a.! Plan for 20 minutes of continuous aerobic activity and increase as tolerated.! b.! Perform 6-minute walks at the patient’s pace at least 2 times a day.! c.! Instruct the patient that he should not take his beta blocker medication on exercise days.! d.! Encourage a high-calorie diet to plan for extra calorie expenditure.! ! !! ANS: B! For the diagnosis of exercise intolerance, the patient should begin by performing 6minute walks at his own pace at least twice a day.The patient would not be able to tolerate 20 minutes of continuous aerobic activity. Patients should be instructed to take medications as ordered. Low-calorie, low-sodium, and high-protein diets are best for this type of patient.! !! DIF: Apply! REF:! 755! ! OBJ:! Describe important factors to consider when planning an exercise program for patients across the life span and for those with specific chroni c illnesses.! TOP:! Implementation! MSC:! Teaching/Learning! ! ! Which of the following exercise activities would most likely provide the opportunity for mind-body awareness?! 16.! a.! Warm-up activity! b.! Resistance training! c.! Aerobic exercise! d.! Cool-down activity! ! !! ANS: D! The cool-down period allows the body to readjust gradually to baseline functioning and provides an opportunity to combine movement such as stretching with relaxationenhancing mind-body awareness. The warm-up activity prepares the body and decreases the potential for injury. Aerobic exercise includes running, bicycling, jumping rope, and so forth, and is the main portion of exercise activity; it precedes the cool-down period.Resistance training increases muscle strength and endurance and is associated with improved performance of daily activities but not with enhancing mind-body awareness.! !! DIF: Analyze! REF:! 757! ! OBJ:! Describe important factors to consider when planning an exercise program for patients across the life span and for those with specific chronic illnesses.! TOP:! Evaluation! MSC:! Teaching/Learning! ! ! The patient is brought to the emergency department with possible injury to his shoulder. To help determine the degree of injury, the nurse should evaluate! ! 17.! a.!The patient’s gait.! b.! The patient’s range of motion.! c.! Fine motor coordination.! d.! Activity tolerance.! ! !! ANS: B! Assessing range of motion is one assessment technique used to determine the degree of damage or injury to a joint. Gait is the manner or style of walking. It may have little bearing on the shoulder damage. Assessing fine motor coordination would be beneficial in helping to assess the patient’s ability to perform tasks but would not help in evaluating the shoulder. Activity tolerance refers to the type and amount of exercise or activity a person is able to perform.Damage to the shoulder would affect this, but this would not have a direct bearing on the am ount of damage done to the shoulder.! !! DIF: Apply! REF:! 752-753! ! OBJ:! Assess patients for impaired mobility and activity intolerance.! TOP:! Implementation!! MSC:! Teaching/Learning! ! ! ! The nurse is examining a patient who is admitted to the emergency department with severe elbow pain. Of the following situations, which would cause the nurse to suspect a ligament tear or joint fracture?! ! 18.! a.! Range of motion of the elbow is limited.! b.! Joint motion is greater than normal.! c.!The patient has arthritis.! d.! The elbow cannot be moved (frozen).! ! !! ANS: B! Increased mobility (beyond normal) of a joint may indicate connective tissue disorders, ligament tears, or possible joint fractures. Limited range of motion often indicates inflammation such as arthritis, fluid in the joint, altered nerve supply, or contractures (frozen joints).! !! DIF: Analyze! REF:! 752-753! ! OBJ:! Assess patients for impaired mobility and activity intolerance.! TOP:! Evaluation! MSC:! Teachin g/Learning! ! ! ! The patient has been bedridden for several months owing to severe congestive heart disease.In determining a plan of care for this patient that will address his activity level, the nurse formulates which of the following nursing diagnoses?! ! 19.! a.! Fatigue related to poor physical condition! b.! Impaired gas exchange related to decreased cardiac output! c.! Decreased cardiac output related to decreased myocardial contractility! d.! Activity intolerance related to physical deconditioning! ! !! ANS: D! When activity and exercise are problems for a patient, nursing diagnoses often focus on the individual’s ability to move. The diagnostic label directs nursing interventions.In this case, physical deconditioning must be addressed relative to activity level, perhaps leading to 6-minute walks twice a day. Physical deconditioning is the cause of fatigue as well, so it would take priority over that diagnosis. Decreased cardiac output and myocardial contractility ar e serious concerns that must be addressed before activity intolerance to keep the patient safe and to help determine the level of exercise that the patient can tolerate, but reconditioning of the patient’s body will help improve contractility and cardiac output.! !! DIF: Apply! REF:! 753| 755! ! OBJ:!Formulate nursing diagnoses for patients experiencing problems with impaired mobility and activity intolerance.! TOP:! Implementation!! MSC:! Teaching/Learning! ! The patient weighs 450 lbs (204. 5 kg) and complains of shortness of breath with any exertion. His health care provider has recommended that he begin an exercise program. He states that he can hardly get out of bed and just cannot do anything around the house. To focus on the cause of the patient’s complaints, the nurse devises which of the following nursing diagnoses?! ! 20.! a.! Activity intolerance related to excessive weight! .! Activity intolerance related to bed rest! c.! Impaired gas exchange related to sh ortness of breath! d.! Imbalanced nutrition: less than body requirements! ! !! ANS: A! The diagnostic label directs nursing interventions. This requires the correct selection of related factors. For example, Activity intolerance related to excess weight gain requires very different interventions than if the related factor is prolonged bed rest. In this case, the intolerance is related to the patient’s excessive weight. He is not on bed rest, although he claims that it is difficult for him to get out of bed.Shortness of breath is a symptom, not a cause, of Impaired gas exchange, making this nursing diagnosis ineffective. The patient certainly has an imbalance of nutrition, but it is more than body requirements.! !! DIF: Apply! REF:! 753! ! OBJ:! Formulate nursing diagnoses for patients experiencing problems with impaired mobility and activity intolerance.! TOP:! Implementation!! MSC:! Teaching/Learning! ! The patient is being admitted for elective knee surgery. While the nurse is admitting the patient, she will! ! 21.! a.! Begin to develop a discharge plan.! b.!Plan to wait until after the surgery to plan for discharge.! c.! Place a generalized discharge plan in the record for later use.! d.! Address immediate needs of the patient only and address other needs later.! ! !! ANS: A! The nurse needs to begin discharge planning when the patient enters the health care system. The nurse cannot wait until after surgery to begin to plan for discharge. In addition, the discharge plan is always individualized to the patient and directed at meeting the actual and/or potential needs of the patient.! !! DIF: Apply! REF:! 754! ! OBJ:!Write a nursing care plan for a patient with impaired mobility and activity intolerance.! TOP:! Implementation!! MSC:! Teaching/Learning! ! ! The patient is admitted with a stroke. The outcome of this disorder is uncertain, but the patient is unable to move his right arm and leg. The nurse understands that! ! 22.! a.! Active range of motio n is the only thing that will prevent contractures from forming.! b.! Passive range of motion must be instituted to help prevent contracture formation.! c.! Range-of-motion exercises should be started 2 days after the patient is stable.! d.!Range-of-motion exercises should be done on major joints only.! ! !! ANS: B! When patients cannot participate in active range of motion, the nurse must institute passive range of motion to maintain joint mobility and prevent contractures. Passive range of motion can be substituted for active when needed. For the patient who does not have voluntary motor control, passive range-of-motion exercises are the exercises of choice. Unless contraindicated, the nursing care plan includes exercising each joint (not just major joints) through as nearly a full range of motion as possible.Initiate passive range-of-motion exercises as soon as the patient loses the ability to move the extremity or joint.! !! DIF: Understand! REF:! 759! ! OBJ:! Describe intervent ions for maintaining activity tolerance and mobility.! TOP:! Assessment! MSC:! Teaching/Learning! ! ! The patient has been in bed for several days and needs to be ambulated. Before ambulation, the nurse! ! 23.! a.! Removes the gait belt to allow for unrestricted movement.! b.! Has the patient get up from bed before he has a chance to get dizzy.! c.! Has the patient look down to watch his feet to prevent tripping.! d.!Dangles the patient on the side of the bed.! ! !! ANS: D! Some patients experience orthostatic hypotension—a drop in blood pressure that occurs when the patient changes from a horizontal to a vertical position. Assist the patient to a position of sitting at the side of the bed, and dangle for 1 to 2 minutes before standing. The nurse needs to provide support at the waist so that the patient’s center of gravity remains midline. This is achieved with the use of a gait belt. A gait belt encircles the patient’s waist and may have handles attached for th e nurse to hold while the patient ambulates.The patient should maintain as normal a walking posture as possible with the head erect.! !! DIF: Apply! REF:! 759! ! OBJ:! Describe interventions for maintaining activity tolerance and mobility.! TOP:! Implementation!! MSC:! Teaching/Learning! ! ! 24.! The nurse is ambulating a patient in the hall when she notices that he is beginning to fall. The nurse should! ! a.! Grab the patient and hold him tight to prevent the fall.! b.! Gently lower the patient to the floor.! c.! Jump back and let the patient fall naturally.! d.! Push the patient against the wall and guide him to the floor.! !! ANS: B! If the patient has a fainting episode or begins to fall, assume a wide base of support with one foot in front of the other, thus supporting the patient’s body weight. Then extend one leg and let the patient slide against the leg, and gently lower the patient to the floor, protecting the patient’s head. Grabbing the patient will shift t he nurse’s center of gravity and may lead to a back injury. Allowing the patient to fall could lead to head injury for the patient. Pushing the patient against the wall could also cause the patient to hit his head and cause injury.! !! DIF:Apply! REF:! 759! ! OBJ:! Describe interventions for maintaining activity tolerance and mobility.! TOP:! Implementation!! MSC:! Teaching/Learning! ! ! ! a.! 25.! In assisting the patient to exercise, the nurse should! Expect that pain will occur with exercise of unused muscle groups.! b.! Set the pace for the exercise class.! c.! Force muscles or joints to go just beyond resistance.! d.! Stop the exercise if pain is experienced.! ! !! ANS: D! Assess for pain, shortness of breath, or a change in vital signs. If present, stop exercise. Let each patient exercise at his or her own pace.Assess for joint limitations, and do not force a muscle or a joint during exercise.! !! DIF: Apply! REF:! 759! ! OBJ:! Describe interventions for maintaining act ivity tolerance and mobility.! TOP:! Implementation!! MSC:! Teaching/Learning! ! ! The nurse is developing a plan of care for a patient diagnosed with activity intolerance. Of the following strategies, which has the best chance of maintaining patient compliance?! ! 26.! a.! Performing 20 minutes of aerobic exercise daily with 10 minute warm-up and cool-down periods! b.! Instructing the patient to use an exercise log to record day, time, duration, and responses to exercise activity! .! Instructing the patient on the evils of not exercising, and getting her to take responsibility for her current health status! d.! Arranging for the patient to join a gym that she will have to pay, for so that she does not need to depend on insurance! ! !! ANS: B! Keeping a log may increase adherence to an exercise prescription. Cross-training (combination of exercise activities) provides variety to combat boredom and increases the potential for total body conditioning as opposed to daily aerobic exerci se. â€Å"Blaming† a patient for his or her health status is usually counterproductive.Instead, the nurse should instruct the patient about the physiological benefits of a regular exercise program. Developing a plan of exercise that the patient may perform at home may improve compliance.! !! DIF: Evaluate! REF:! 756! ! OBJ:! Evaluate the nursing care plan for maintaining activity and exercise for patients across the life span and with specific chronic illnesses.! TOP:! Evaluation! MSC:! Teaching/ Learning! ! 27.! The nurse is working with the patient in developing an exercise plan. The patient tells the nurse that she just will not participate in a formal exercise program.The nurse then suggests that exercise activities can be incorporated into activities of daily living. The patient seems to be agreeable to that concept. Of the following activities, which would be considered a moderate-intensity activity?! ! a.! Doing laundry! b.! Making the bed! c.! Ironing! d.! Folding clo thes! ! !! ANS: D! Low-intensity ADLs include doing the laundry, making the bed, ironing, and washing dishes. Moderate-intensity ADLs include sweeping the kitchen or sidewalk, washing windows, folding clothes, and vacuuming.! !! DIF: Evaluate! REF:! 757! ! OBJ:!Evaluate the nursing care plan for maintaining activity and exercise for patients across the life span and with specific chronic illnesses.! TOP:! Evaluation! MSC:! Teaching/ Learning! ! MULTIPLE RESPONSE! ! Bones perform five functions in the body: support, protection, movement, mineral storage, and hematopoiesis. In the discussion of body mechanics, which are the most important? (Select all that apply. )! ! 1.! a.! Support! b.! Protection! c.! Movement! d.! Mineral storage! e.! Hematopoiesis! ! !! ANS: A, C! Bones perform five functions in the body: support, protection, movement, mineral storage, and hematopoiesis.In the discussion of body mechanics, two of these functions —support and movement—are most import ant. In support, bones serve as the framework and contribute to the shape, alignment, and positioning of body parts. In movement, bones together with their joints constitute levers for muscle attachment. As muscles contract and shorten, they pull on bones, producing joint movement. Protection involves encasing the soft tissue organs in a protective cage. Mineral storage helps to strengthen bones but also helps regulate blood levels of certain nutrients. Hematopoiesis is the formation of blood cells.! !! DIF: Remember!REF:! 747! ! OBJ:! Describe the role of the musculoskeletal and nervous systems in the regulation of movement.! TOP:! Assessment! MSC:! Teaching/Learning! ! ! When assessing the activity tolerance of a patient, the nurse would evaluate which of the following? (Select all that apply. )! ! 2.! a.! Skeletal abnormalities! b.! Emotional factors! c.! Age! d.! Pregnancy status! e.! Race! ! !! ANS: A, B, C, D! Factors influencing activity tolerance include physiological factor s such as skeletal abnormalities, emotional factors such as anxiety/depression, developmental factors such as age and gender, and pregnancy status.Race is not a factor because people of all races are faced with similar factors that affect their activity tolerance.! !! DIF: Apply! REF:! 754! ! OBJ:! Assess patients for impaired mobility and activity intolerance.! TOP:! Implementation!! MSC:! Teaching/Learning! ! ! ! In developing a nursing care plan for increasing activity tolerance in a patient, the nurse should (Select all that apply. )! ! 3.! a.! Use generalized therapies because they work for everyone.! b.! Consult with members of the health care team.! c.!Avoid goals published by the American College of Sports Medicine.! d.! Involve the patient and the patient’s family in designing an exercise plan.! e.! Consider the patient’s ability to increase activity level.! ! !! ANS: B, D, E! When planning care, the nurse should consult/collaborate with members of the health care team to increase activity, involve the patient and family in designing an activity and exercise plan (especially if family members are also providers of care), and consider the patient’s ability to increase activity level.Therapies should be individualized to the patient’s activity tolerance. Information from the American College of Sports Medicine serves as a standard that the nurse should use when applying activity and exercise goals.! !! DIF: Apply! REF:! 754! ! OBJ:! Write a nursing care plan for a patient with impaired mobility and activity intolerance.! TOP:! Implementation!! MSC:! Teaching/Learning!