Unit 2 LS311 Assignment - Torts and Cyber Torts Essay

Unit 2 LS311 Assignment - Torts and Cyber Torts - Essay Example First, Jason Davis has a professional duty. Being one of the employees in the arts and crafts show, he has the duty to make sure that the premises are safe (Miller & Jentz, 2009, 95). The fact that he was standing near the exit implies that he was placed there for a reason, perhaps to make sure that the pedestrians were safely leaving the premises. Hence, he has the duty to act carefully. Second, Jason Davis should have anticipated the possible consequences of turning around abruptly, especially knowing that pedestrians were still passing by. Due to this lack of foresight, he was not able to protect Yvonne Esposito from a serious injury. These two factors imply that Jason Davis violated the duty of care. Being a professional, he violated his duty of care toward a customer, which is basically professional negligence. Ultimately, he failed to protect Yvonne Esposito from a foreseeable risk. Therefore, the complainant has legally valid reasons to pursue a case of negligence against Jason

Reconstruction after the Civil War Essay Example for Free

Reconstruction after the Civil War Essay Black political activity during the Reconstruction after the Civil War came from the experience of after war slavery or what was called servitude. A strong sense of community grew out of shared racial oppression and contributed to the formation of a political stand for the black freedman. Even though this formation was important it really did not become very strong after the Civil War. Emancipation was confusing to most blacks and the wartime disorder didn’t help the uncertain situation. Freedmen moved very cautiously to explore what changes were happening in their lives. They were more interested in individual measures to enhance their freedom and avoided becoming politically active. One of the freedmen’s first desires was to leave anything having to do with slavery behind. They wanted to define their new status different than the slavery they had known. What many blacks did first after becoming free was to leave the plantation that had enslaved them. Some looked for family and other headed for towns and cities, but most wanted to leave. Autonomy was a key issue that arose out of emancipation. At first the freedmen hoped their needs would be met by the federal government. Inspired by wartime confiscation of planters land, and the promise of the Freedmen’s Bureau, the former slaves waited for their â€Å"forty acres and a mule†. The Freedmen’s Bureau was a temporary agency set up to aid the former slaves by providing relief, education, legal help, and assistance in gaining land or employment and came from the Reconstruction period. The problem of how to reconstruct the Union after the South’s military defeat was won of the most difficult challenges faced by American policymakers. The Constitution didn’t provide any guidelines. The farmers had not anticipated a division of the country into warring sections. Emancipation was a major force for the Northern war aims, but the problem became larger when questions arose on how far the federal government should go to secure freedom and civil rights for former slaves. The debate that followed led to a major political crisis. Advocates of a minimal Reconstruction policy favored quick restoration of the Union with no protection for the freed slaves beyond the prohibition of slavery. Proponents of a more radical policy wanted readmission of the southern states to be dependent on guarantees that loyal men would displace the Confederate higher ups in position of power and that blacks would gain some of the basic rights of American citizenship. The White House wanted the lesser approach and congress endorsed the more radical approach of Reconstruction (Divine, Breen, Fredrickson Williams, 1987, p. 457). The tension between the President and Congress on how to reconstruct the Union began during the war. Lincoln never had a plan for bringing the states back together, but he did take some initiatives that indicated a more lenient and forgiving policy towards Southerners who gave up the struggle and denounced slavery. Lincoln issued a Proclamation of Amnesty and Reconstruction in 1863 that offered a full pardon to all Southerners, except certain classes of Confederate leaders, who would take an oath of allegiance to the union and acknowledge the legality of emancipation (Fitzgerald, 1989, p. 11). This policy was meant to shorten the war. The President hoped that granting pardon and political recognition to oath-taking minorities would weaken the southern cause by making it easy for disillusioned confederates to switch sides. But Congress was unhappy with the President’s reconstruction experiments and in 1864 refused to seat the Unionists elected to the House and Senate from Louisiana and Arkansas. A minority of congressional Republicans, who were strong anti-slavery radicals, wanted protection for black rights as a precondition for the readmission of the southern states. These Republican militants were upset because Lincoln had not insisted that the constitution creators provide for black suffrage. The dominate view in Congress was that the southern states had definitely forfeited their place in the Union and that it was up to Congress to decide when and how they would be readmitted. Congress passed a Reconstruction bill of its own in 1864. The Wade-Davis bill which required that fifty percent of the voters must take an oath of future loyalty before the restoration process could begin (Divine Breen, Fredrickson Williams, 1987 p. 452). Those who would swear that they had never willingly supported the Confederacy could vote in an election for delegates to a constitutional convention. The bill did not require black suffrage, but it did give federal courts the power to enforce emancipation, but Lincoln used a pocket veto and refused to sign. Congress and the President remained stalled on the Reconstruction issue for the rest of the war. But during the last months in office Lincoln showed some desire to compromise. He showed much interest in getting the governments in Louisiana and Arkansas that he started, with the Proclamation of Amnesty and Reconstruction in 1863, to gaining full recognition but Lincoln was warming up to the ideal of including black suffrage in all of this. Sadly Mr. Lincoln died before anyone knew the outcome of the struggle between congress and this man. Andrew Johnson’s attempt at reconstruction also put him on the defensive with Congress creating the most serious crisis in the history of relations between the executive and legislative branches of the federal government. During the war Johnson endorsed Lincoln’s emancipation policy and carried it into effect. He viewed it primarily as a means of destroying the power of the planter class rather than as recognition of black humanity (Divine Breen, Fredrickson Williams, 1987). Johnson’s presidency was a huge surprise and really wasn’t suppose to happen considering that he was a southern Democrat and a fervent white supremacist. But the root of the problem was that he disagreed with the majority of Congress on what Reconstruction was supposed to accomplish. A believer of the Democratic states’ rights he wanted to restore the prewar feral system as quickly as possible, with the only changes being that states would no longer have the right to legalize slavery or to secede. Many Republican’s believed that if the old southern ruling class were to gain power they would devise a plan to subjugate blacks. Emancipation had removed the three-fifths clause of the constitution that counted slaves as only three-fifth of a person now they were to be counted in determining representation. Congress favored a Reconstruction policy that would give the federal government authority to limit the role of ex-confederates and provide protection for black citizenship (Fitzgerald, 1989, p. 48). The disagreement between the President and Congress became irreconcilable in early 1866 when Johnson vetoed two bills that had passed with overwhelming Republican support (Fitzgerald, 1989, 81). The first was to extend the life of the Freedmen’s Bureau and the second was a civil rights bill meant to nullify the black codes and guarantee to the freedmen full and equal benefit of all laws and security of self and property as the white had. Johnson was successful at blocking the Freedmen’s bureau bill but later a modified version did pass. The Civil Rights Act won the two-thirds majority needed to override the president’s veto. The main fact was that recovery would not happen or even begin until a new labor system replaced slavery. It was widely assumed in both the North and South that southern prosperity would continue to depend on cotton and that the plantation was the most efficient way for producing the crop. But rebuilding the plantation economy was hindered by lack of capital, the belief of southern whites that blacks would work only if forced, and by the freedmen’s resistance to labor conditions that were still basically slavery (Divine, Breen, Fitzgerald Williams, 1987). Blacks wanted to be small independent farmers rather than plantation laborers and they believed that the federal government would help them to attain their dreams. General Sherman, who had huge numbers of black fugitives follow his army on a famous march, issued an order in 1865 that set aside the islands and coastal areas of Georgia and South Carolina for only black occupancy on forty acre plots. The Freedmen’s Bureau was given control of hundreds of thousands of acres of abandoned or confiscated land and authorized to make forty acre grants to black settlers for a three year period. After that they would have the option to buy at low prices. Over forty thousand black farmers worked on three hundred thousand acres of land they thought were going to be theirs (Berlin, 1976, p. 141). But the dream of forty acres and a mule the government promised was not going to happen. President Johnson pardoned the owners of most of the land assigned to the ex-slaves by Sherman and the Freedmen’s Bureau and along with the failure of congress to propose an effective program of land confiscation and redistribution the land blacks could not gain title to the land they had been working. The ex-slaves even without land and in poverty still were reluctant to settle down and commit their selves to wage labor for their former masters. They were hoping for something better and some still expecting grants of land while others were just trying to increase their bargaining power. The most common form of agricultural employment in 1866 was contract labor. Under this system workers would commit themselves for a year in return for fixed wages that the bulk of would be paid after harvest. Many planters were inclined to make hard bargains, abuse their workers or cheat them at the end of the year. The Freedmen’s Bureau took the role of reviewing the contracts and enforcing them. Buy the bureau officials had differing notions of what it meant to protect blacks from exploitation. Some stood up strongly for the rights of the freedmen; others served as allies of the planters, rounding up available workers, coercing them to sign contracts for low wages, and keeping them in line (Fitzgerald, 1989, p. 138). After 1867 the bureau’s influence was fading and a new arrangement come from direct negotiations between planters and freedmen. Unhappy with gang labor and constant white supervision, blacks demanded sharecropper’s status. This meant that they wanted the right to work a small piece of land independently in return for a fixed share of the crop produced on it and that was usually half. With the shortage of labor this gave the freedmen enough leverage to force this arrangement on those planters who were unwilling. But many landowners found it to their advantage because it did not require much capital and forced the tenants to share the risks of crop failure or a fall in cotton prices. Blacks at first viewed sharecropping as a step up from wage labor and a direction towards land ownership, but in reality it was just a new kind of slavery (Fitzgerald, 1989, p. 140). Croppers had to live on credit until their cotton was sold, and planters or merchants seized the chance to give them at high prices and huge rates of interest. Creditors were entitled to deduct what was owned to them out of the tenant’s share of the crop and this left most sharecroppers with no net profit at the end of the year, some with debt that had to be worked off the next year (Fitzgerald, 1989, p. 141). Blacks moving to cities and towns found themselves living in an increasingly segregated society. The Black Codes of 1865 attempted to require separation of the races in public places but most of the codes were set aside by federal authorities as violations of the Civil Rights Act of 1866, but that was defeated by private initiatives and community pressures. In some cities blacks successfully resisted forced separation on streetcars by appealing to the military during the brief period when it exercised authority or by organizing boycotts. But they found it almost impossible to gain admittance to most hotels, restaurants, and other privately owned establishments that catered to whites. When black supported Republican governments came to power in 1868, some of them passed civil rights acts requiring equal access to public facilities, but little efforts were made to enforce the legislation (Berlin, 1976, p. 249). Some forms of racial separation were not openly discriminatory and blacks accepted or even endorsed them. Freedmen who had belonged to white churches as slaves welcomed the chance to join all black denominations which gave freedom from white dominance and a more congenial style of worship. The first schools for ex-slaves were all black institutions established by the Freedmen’s Bureau and various northern missionary societies (Berlin, 1976, p. 285). Blacks had been denied any education at all after the war and blacks viewed separate schooling as an opportunity rather than as a form of discrimination. The Freedmen’s Bureau was a government agency that was to give assistance and protection to the Southern ex-slave after the Civil war. It gave assistance to the relief of the needy of both white and black. Its main job was to improve labor relations, administering justice and developing a black educational system. The Bureau influence though suffered in the North and was mortally damaged in the South by corruption, especially those that were connected with promising Republican control of the black vote. These excesses strengthened resistance to black suffrage and encouraged secret organizations like the Ku Klux Klan (Sehat, 2007). The bureau was established under the War Department and was suppose to exist for one year after the war. It was strengthened and its life extended in 1866 when Johnson attempted to veto. Its Director was a Christian general by the name of Oliver O. Howard and functioned through ten districts. Each had an assistant commissioner with the power to control all individuals that were refugees and freedmen. The Freedmen’s Bureau became the strongest single instrument of Reconstruction. Even though it was ended in 1869 its educational activities were extended to 1872 and its soldiers’ bounty payments till 1872 and had an expenditure of about $20,000,000 (Divine Breen Fredrickson Williams, 1987). Reconstruction failed because it was inadequately motivated, conceived and enforced. But the causes of this failure remain in shadow. Some explain it in terms of an underlying racism that prevented white Republicans from identifying fully with the cause of the black equality. Others use the clash between the class interests of those in charge of implementing and managing Reconstruction and the poor people of the South who were supposed to benefit. But the basic issue raised by Reconstruction was how to achieve racial equality in America and that was not resolved during that era and is still in conflict even today. Reference: Berlin, I. (1976). Slaves without masters. New York: Vintage Books Divine, R. A. , Breen, T. H. , Fredrickson, G. M. and Williams, R. H. (1987). America past and present, 2nd. Ed. Illinois: Scott , Foresman and Company. Fitzgerald, M. W. (1989). The union league movement in the deep south. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press. Gibson, G. J. (1957). Lincoln’s League: The league movement during the Civil War. Ph. D. dissertation, University of Illinois. Sehat, D. ( 2007, May). The civilizing mission of Booker T. Washington. Journal of Southern History, 73(2), 323-362.

Multiple Sclerosis Essay example -- Biology Essays Research Papers

Multiple Sclerosis Multiple sclerosis is a disease of the central nervous system. It most commonly occurs in individuals between the ages of twenty and forty (1) and in higher numbers of women than men (2). In Multiple Sclerosis (or "MS") a loss of the nerves' axon coating myelin prohibits the nerve axons from efficiently conducting action and synaptic potentials. Scar tissue (called plaques or lesions) forms at the points where demyelination occurs in the brain and spinal cord, hence the name "Multiple Sclerosis"or "many scars" (3). The demyelination found in MS is thought to be caused by an autoimmune process, in which the body's immune system attacks its own healthy tissue (4). Other diseases thought to have an autoimmune basis are rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus and the insulin dependent form of diabetes mellitus(5). In the immune system, there are two types of white blood cells, B-cells and T-cells. T-cells exist in three forms, all responsible for different immune system responses. Helper T-cells recognize foreign antigens (the substance the immune system aims to destroy), stimulate antibody production, and produce cytokines (chemicals which act as biological messengers) which activate other T-cells. These T-cells are able to recognize antigens through their receptors, made of protein molecules that selectively bind to certain other molecules. Suppressor T-cells perform a function converse to that of their helper counterparts, turning off the immune system response. Cytotoxic T-cells directly attack and destroy antigenic material (6). In MS, an unknown trigger activates helper T-cells whose antigen specific receptors recognize central nervous system myelin as an antigen. While what exactly activates these T-cel... ... MS GENETIC SUSCEPTIBILITY http://www.nmss.org/msinfo/current_research/updates/RMP9620.html 25) VIRUSES http://www.nmss.org/cmsi/cmsi18.html 26) Remyelination Progress Reported http://www.myelin.org/puppress.html 27) EXPERIMENTAL ALLERGIC ENCEPHALOMYELITIS http://www.nmss.org/cmsi/cmsi157.html 28) Current Research Updates http://www.nmss.org/msinfo/current_research/updates/summary.html 29) Virtual Hospital, Chapter 14: Neurology: MS http://www.vh.org/Providers/ClinRef/FPHandbook/Chapter14/08-14.html Other WWW Sites 30) Knowledge Weavers http://medstat.med.utah.edu/kw/ms/ 31) World of Multiple Sclerosis http://www.msif.org/language_choice.html 32) National Multiple Sclerosis Society http://www.nmss.org/ 33) MS Gateway http://www.ms-gateway.com/ 34) MS Gateway Glossary http://www.ms-gateway.com/glossary.html

Grammatical Style in Lumpkin’s The Making of a Southerner :: Lumpkin Making Southerner

Effective Use of Grammatical Style in Lumpkin’s The Making of a Southerner Katharine Du Pre Lumpkin has many effective uses of grammatical style. In the first full paragraph on page 86 of The Making of a Southerner this is evidenced. She begins the sentence with an adverbial which ties this paragraph to the previous one. Lumpkin uses the quotation â€Å"’stir up the Negroes’† to cause the reader to feel like he/she is present during this time period. The quotation draws the reader into the paragraph because of its status as a first-hand account, which lends credibility to the argument being presented. Later in the first sentence Lumpkin uses a dash as a sentence interrupter. This pause places much emphasis on the phrase after the dash, causing the reader to give it more weight. Indeed, this phrase is the focus of the entire paragraph, and Lumpkin has adroitly set it apart. Following the first sentence, Lumpkin uses questions to enhance the feeling of ‘there-ness.’ In other words, Lumpkin presents the material in an argumentative fashion in order to draw the reader further into the mind-set of the white male of whom she speaks. Lumpkin uses her position as narrator to step back and give someone else a voice. She argues as though she herself were a white male in the late 1800s to early 1900s. This The quotes continue to support her argumentative style by giving examples of the names and rumors floating during this time now past. On and on Lumpkin extorts the reader to feel what it is like to be a scared white male after the Civil War. Question after question repetitively persuade the reader to vividly imagine the â€Å"drunken Negroes [. . .] burning down plantation homes† as well as the â€Å"armed recruits, former slaves [roaming] the countryside demanding of white men to get their vehicles off the road to make room for these unifo rmed freedmen† (86). The imagery skillfully hidden in the questionnaire is astounding. Then, of a sudden, a dash appears to bring the reader full circle. We are now aware again that the narrator is asserting a voice of her own with the small apposition â€Å"the rumor said so† (86). This phrase gives the reader the sense that Lumpkin now disagrees with this attitude once held by her father. It belies the view that Lumpkin is apparently trying to hide for an unbiased second-hand account of the period.

Cause and Effect Essay Essay

About 70% of the couples who get married take the decision of getting divorce. Divorce is one of the most serious social problems in the modern world. It has become very common recently, and it affects all levels of society. In the past, divorce was quite rare. Today, however, a majority of marriages break up in the first few years. When involved in a divorce lack of communication, infidelity, and financial problems are the causes to provoke a couple to split apart and take their lives into different path. To begin with one significant cause that leads to a divorce is lack of communication. Many couples stop communicating with each other because each one is busy doing their own things in life whether it is work, hobbies, raising children, activities, among other things. A lot of couples have different job schedules not allowing them to see each other most of the day. When they finally get to see each other is at night and unfortunately they are both tired and they just go to sleep. Since the time that they live together is not enough, the couples find it hard to find time to communicate with each other due to having a busy life and for lack of energy. Also, many married people have poor communication because they do not know how to express their feelings to their partner. Marriage cannot be a successful relationship if either one does not discuss about his/her emotions or issues, and expects their partner to guess what the whole problem is about. Finally, most couples just do actions i nstead of using words. Married couples think that they do not need to express their love for each other verbally and that only providing for the house is sufficient to know that they care and love each other. Many people think that because they provide things from the home like food, pay bills, take care of the house, etc. they do not have any other problems and they live with happiness. Unfortunately, it just makes the couple weaker ending in a divorce. Its quite clear that the less communication that is used in a marriage, the more higher divorce rates. Furthermore, infidelity in a marriage can be devastating, and most of the time leads to divorce. Boredom in a relationship is not a good idea if couples want a successful marriage. Partners who do not challenge each other with enough excitement to keep the relationship interesting cheat. The desire for self-expansion can lead a husband or wife to be aware of opportunities outside of the marriage, opening the door to infidelity. Spouses do not communicate their desires for growth, and they feel the need to cheat. In addition, many couples can cheat using social networks such as Facebook, Twitter, Myspace etc. Social network is one of the most common causes of infidelity in married couples. Today, everyone can have a computer or phone that they can access to internet making it way easier to meet new people. Many couples have many jealously problems when they found out that their spouse has being talking or going out on dates with different women/men. Most married couples cannot forgive their spouse of infidelity, leading to an unfortunate divorce. Lastly, multiple sex partners before marriage can lead to infidelity. Many people when they get married think that they will change and stay with just one sex partner, but the truth is that they find it really hard to keep their promise. This can lead to a sense of loss, betrayal, unwelcome memories and other problems. These can affect a marriage later on. After a couple of months they feel satisfied with their spouse, but when the time keep passing they cannot be with just one person, and there is when infidelity takes place in a relationship. After infidelity most or all the trust is lost; not having any other option then the divorce in marriages. Finally, a cause of divorce are financial issues. Money or aspects related to it are of course a possible cause of disagreement between couples. For example, couples that live paycheck to paycheck deal with stress from the pressure of making enough money to survive and provide the family with necessities. If the bills get behind it could start an argument between the two and that on top of being behind with bills can be overwhelming causing more stress, which leads to an unhealthy relationship. For instance, many married couples go into debt. Many couples when they do not have money to pay something tend to use credit cards, but many people end abusing them. They say I will buy it now and I will pay it later. Unfortunately, bills do not stop from coming and when people less expect it they cannot get out of debt. This situation builds up stress between the couples not knowing how to get out of it, and just blaming each other without finding a solution. Finally, gender differences of how they see their financial problems can cause a divorce. For most males when it comes to money is to provide for their family. They like to carry this burden. For most females, their need is to make sure the family is provided for. Problems starts to show when the husband might work longer to provide, but the wife thinks his work is his top priority over family. The husband sees it just the opposite. For some husbands, just because they are working hard, it doesn’t mean they love their jobs more than their families. Obviously, too much work can cause the relationship to suffer. Economic problems can cause a disaster in a marriage, not having other option for the couples then the divorce. Clearly, divorce is a serious issue that can happen to anyone due to cheating, economic problems, and poor communication. Before taking the big step of marriage every couple has to think about all the things that imply being married. Couples should consider living in free union for a short time before getting married, by doing this, you can meet your partner well before making an important decision that can have a huge impact on every couple’s life. The cause of divorce are lamentable and all couples should try to consider them if they want to have a healthy and successful relationship and avoid falling during marriage.

Diabetes Mellentus Essays - Diabetes, Endocrine System, Medicine

Diabetes Mellentus Essays - Diabetes, Endocrine System, Medicine Diabetes Mellentus Project Proposal My Independent Project is on Diabetes Mellitus, type1 Diabetes, or juvenile-onset diabetes. No matter what you call it, its all the same. Your pancreas has died and you have no other way to survive other than to inject insulin multiple times a day. I chose this project because I always enjoy learning more about the disease I got less than two years ago. Every year the teams of scientists from the Joslin clinic develop new ways to live with Diabetes. So far no one has invented a cure, but they are getting closer to finding it every year. People with Type I diabetes don't produce insulin and need regular shots of it to keep their blood glucose levels normal. Almost half the people with this type of diabetes are age 20 and younger. That's why Type I diabetes was once called juvenile-onset diabetes. But that name has been dropped because Type I diabetes also strikes young adults. People with diabetes have to give themselves shots multiple times throughout the day so they can monitor their blood sugar levels because their bodies cant do it on their own. Type1 diabetes can cause different problems if it is not properly taken care of. Hypoglycemia or low blood sugar; sometimes called an insulin reaction, occurs when blood sugar drops too low. Hyperglycemia, or high blood sugar, occurs when blood sugar is too high, and can be a sign that diabetes is not well controlled. Ketoacidosis, or diabetic coma, is a very serious condition. This means there is too much sugar in the urinary tract. It occurs if your blood sugars are very high for a long period of time. This is fatal and can lead to future complications. Bibliography 1. jdfcure.com/NHAnnouncements5.htm Joslin Diabetes Foundation web page 2. renkausa.com/type1.htm Renka/ diabetes Home Page 3. medical-library.org./ Medical Library Online Textbook 4. Dr. Elizabeth Wallach, Joslin Clinic for Diabetes 5. Sondra Pozan

Bilingual children Essays

Bilingual children Essays Bilingual children Essay Bilingual children Essay Results of the study will help educators find the best way to teach mathematics in which bilingual children will be able to understand and apply outside the classroom. In general, results of the study will help in finding the best way to teach children who are limited English proficient in such a way that these children can understand and apply the lessons with other activities. Moreover, the study will help teachers train their students with confidence. In Chapter 2, a review of literature is provided. In this chapter, the definition of bilingualism is discussed. Researches undertaken on bilingual children’s cognitive development are provided. Then bilingual education is defined according to literature. Historical background on the evolution of bilingual education (1800s-1900s) is also provided. The author also discusses emotional, linguistic and academic issues bilingual education is concerned with. Mathematics education is also discussed in this chapter. Theories applied in mathematics teaching are discussed. Problem solving is given importance in the discussion on mathematics education. Cognitive background information on addition, subtraction multiplication and division is also given which provides as basis for the word problems given to the participants of the study. Finally, in this chapter, researches done involving mathematics and bilingualism are provided. Chapter 3 provides the theoretical framework used in the study. The first part discusses Pask’s Conversation Theory and the second part discussed Landa’s Algo-Heuristic Theory. Chapter 4 provides the methodology used for obtaining the results needed. This section explains the research design the study used. Sample, sample setting, procedure and data collection and analysis are discussed. The sample and sample setting for the study is discussed in the first part. In the second part, the author explained the procedures done from the pre-assessment stage to the classroom setting to the final assessment stage. The third part discussed how the data was collected and analyzed. In Chapter 5, results obtained from the experiment are discussed. The students’ scores obtained in the pre-assessment, addition and subtraction, multiplication and division, and final assessment examinations are shown in the first part. In the second part, results from the interview are discussed. Finally, Chapter 6 concludes the paper. The first part summarized the main findings discussed in Chapter 5. The second part gives recommendations for the teachers on how to teach mathematics for understanding to bilingual students. The third part provides limitations for the study as well as recommendations for future researches that can be carried on from this study. Bilingualism has no clear-cut definition yet but Shenker (no date) provided a definition in terms of young children. According to Shenker (no date), bilingual children are â€Å"are those†¦ who speak/have been spoken to in two (or more) languages in the home since birth and who are spoken to in only one or both of those two languages at school. † (Shenker, no date). These children may also be spoken in one language at home but acquired (or is exposed to) a second-language when they start attending school. Bilingual children were perceived to have less advantageous situations than monolingual children. This perception was radically changed in 1962 by Peal and Lambert. Peal and Lambert (1962) conducted a research regarding the premise that bilingualism causes retardation. Their study reached the conclusion that experiences from two cultures provide bilingual children with greater benefits than that experienced by monolinguals such as increased mental dexterity and superior ability to think abstractly (Peal Lambert, 1962). Other researches prove that bilingual children have superior performances than their monolingual counterparts. Researches show an association between bilingualism and greater cognitive flexibility and awareness of language (Cummins Culutsan, 1974; Diaz, 1983; Hakuta Diaz, 1984). Moreover, bilingual children were proven to have more effective controlled processes. Although their study was conducted among adults only, they generally concluded â€Å"that controlled processing is carried out more effectively by bilinguals and that bilingualism helps to offset age-related losses in certain executive processes† (Bialystok, Klein, Craik, Viswanathan, 2004).

Essay on True Aboriginality

Essay on True Aboriginality Essay on True Aboriginality True Aboriginality: Sharing Values, Stories, and a Connection Sally Morgan’s novel, â€Å"My Place,† is the story of her personal journey to finding an Aboriginal Identity. She is led to this understanding of identity through many cases of storytelling: a very important Aboriginal tradition. The act of storytelling has ministered the transmission of this rich culture through time and preserved of Aboriginal identity through struggles with colonial repression. Dreamtime narratives and historical accounts have accumulated and been passed down through many generations of the Aboriginal community. These have served to maintain the integrity of the ancient Aboriginal values and beliefs which establish a deep connection between the Aboriginal people. This is the connection that Sally is searching for throughout her story and, in sharing her journey to this connection, she expresses the meaning of true Aboriginality and proves that it is much more than skin-deep. For most of her young life, Sally’s mother and grandmother, Nan, attempted to keep her true racial identity a secret from her to protect her from the callousness of misjudgment and discrimination. They lied to Sally and told her that she was Indian in hopes that she could avoid the racism that surrounded the Aboriginal people and identified them â€Å"not in terms of their positive attributes, but in terms of what they lacked: they were ‘under-developed,’ ‘primitive,’ [†¦] uneducated [†¦] ‘backward’† (Dodson 29). However, despite her early ignorance, Sally’s story remains specifically aboriginal because she was still exposed to many unpleasant aspects of her racial identity. Most of these experiences stemmed from the prejudiced stereotypes held by white Australians over Aboriginal people, which led Sally to an acute awareness of the barriers that existed between her and her lighter-skinned classmates. She recal ls how, in her first years of school, she â€Å"felt different from the other children in [her] class. They were the spick-and-span brigade, and [she], the grubby offender† (28). This ambiguous idea she had of being lower-class seemed to continually be validated throughout her life. At one point, a deacon of her church even went so far as to forbid Sally to befriend his daughter on the grounds that she was a â€Å"bad influence† (129). She still hadn’t fully come to terms with her Aboriginality, so she believed there was something wrong with her personally and didn’t understand that these incidents were effects of a larger issue of racial discrimination. She had been engaged in the Aboriginal situation all her life without fully understanding it and, as she grew older, she began to notice even more of the differences that separated her from the majority of her peers. She picked up on many of her family’s idiosyncrasies. She saw that they wer e more in touch with nature than most in the way they took many stray animals into their care and also in how her mother and Nan looked for signs in the weather. Sally noted that Nan’s â€Å"view of the spiritual world was a deeply personal one† and that â€Å"Nan influenced [her] greatly when it came to [her] attitude to the wildlife around [her]† (72, 67). This was a directly Aboriginal influence on Sally as Nan passed down the culture’s ancient value of deep spiritual connection with nature. Their family’s lifestyle was made up of many unique habits that could also be traced back to their aboriginal background. These include Nan’s preference of the â€Å"Old Cures† over modern medicine, the use of raw onions for sanitation, and their major concern with saving money. Sally states that â€Å"when it came to the economy, Mum’s and Nan’s ideas were rather peculiar† (136). Their economic fears were linked to Nan’s fear of the government because, based on the turbulent past relations between the Aboriginals and the white Australian government, Nan felt she had reason to worry that the government was untrustworthy and determined to hurt their

Interview with a manager on management system Essay

Interview with a manager on management system - Essay Example The individual was interviewed for the position of Strategy formulation manager, who is right below the strategy head. Answer 2 A questionnaire set of eight questions was set up for an interview to find out the strategic implemter and strategic formulator strengths of a manager. The interview was face-to face where the manager and the interviewer interacted in order to fill the queationnaire. The major objective of the questionnaire was to evalute the approach of the manager towards strategy implementation and formulation (Marcic, Seltzer and Vaill, 2001). Each question were provided with two options, one of which reflected strategic formulator strength and other represented strategic implementer strength. These questions were answered and analysed with the help of bar chart. Graph 1: Strategic Formulator Strength In the first chart, the strategic formulator strength has been analysed. After evaluation of the answers it was found out that the total points scored by the manager in thi s category was five out of eight. This meant that the manager posses five qualities of strategic formulator as discussed in the questionnaire. When compared to my results it was found out that I scored very low in tis category. ... when comapred to my results, it was found out that my results were very high in this category. I scored seven points out of eight. this means that I posses most of the qualities of a good strategic implemeter as discussed in the interview. Answer 3 From the questionnaire set and its results, many evaluations came out. According to the queationnaire if the difference between two scores of an individual is 2 or less, this means the individual posses balance formulator and implementer qualities and will be able to work well in both strategic situations. However if the difference between two score is four or five, the individual posses a fairly good streghth in the category of high score and will work best in that particular field. If the diffierence is seven or eight points, then the indivual has a distinct quality and should remain in his/her domain rather than the opposite one. From the overall score it can be said that the manager posseses major formulater strength while very little implementer strength. While comparing the individual results of the manager it was found that there was a difference of two points between startegic formulator streghth and strategic implemter sterngth. Thus it can be said that the manager has qualities of both formulation and implemetation. However, the overall score is average, which indicated that the manager lacks specific skills and expertise in both the categories. Answer 4 From the above analysis it is clear that the manager was selected for his strategy formulator skills. Though the manager posses some of the qualities of strategic implementer, it will be wise for the manager to focus on his/her domain in order to get

Rhetorical Devices Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Rhetorical Devices - Essay Example Soliloquy is used as the best way to give insight into the character of the narrator because he or she would not lie to himself when he talks to himself. In Act I, scene 3 lines 149-197, Othello basically portrayed himself as a great heroic figure beginning from his childhood to his later exploits evident with this line â€Å"the story of my life  From year to year--the battles, sieges, fortunes  That I have passed. I ran it through, even from my boyish daysâ€Å". This narration of Othello’s heroic exploits was necessary to convince the Venetians that he is not a threat to them, particularly the Duke who was about to send him against the Ottoman soldiers. Othello needs to convince the Venetians as well as the Duke because he is considered as an outsider in Venetian society as he looked different from them and to some extent, he was perceived as a sort of witch doctor. So he has to convince them that he will act in their best interest even if he is an outsider. Othello a lso needs to convince the Duke that he did not bewitched Desdemona (daughter of the Duke) and that the only thing he did was charm her with his stories. These stories were then told to the Duke that these are harmless personal exploits of bravery to convince him and the Venetians that he is not a threat. During the process of Othello’s soliloquy, he claimed that Desdemona fell in love with him because of this background as told by his soliloquy. These adventures of his, was a sort of an aphrodisiac that Desdemona loved him because of this. For his part, Othello fell in love with her because of her fascination to his story indicating that Desdemona’s patronage and faithfulness to his self-image is very important to him and probably one of the pre-requisite for him to fall in love with her. Through this rhetorical device of soliloquy also, it is hinted to us the nature of Othello’s character to be somewhat narcissistic or that he loves himself too much but at

Macbeth Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 2

Macbeth - Essay Example The lady here unsexes herself and questions the manliness of Macbeth. A powerful witch in her is active now to tempt and unsex a powerful nobleman, to lead him into his tragedy. The devices she uses make the lines highly poetical. She plays upon words like hope, drunk, dress, pale, love, valour, and coward. She knows that Macbeth’s strength is in his valour. His weakness is his ambition, overvaulting ambition. Using the metaphor of dress, which pervades throughout the play, she questions the rationale behind cherishing a hope for which either Macbeth is not courageous enough to fulfill, or it was merely a hope in him born in a drunken moment. Whatever the case is, she cleverly hurls the words like desire, valour, fear, and love and waits for his reaction. â€Å"I dare do all that may become a man†, answers Macbeth. This answer compels his wife is to resort to stronger spurs. Still harping on the word â€Å"man†, Lady Macbeth now asks whether he was not a man when he had cherished a beastly ambition. She now strikes upon the most sensitive chord of a gentle character by asking Macbeth whether breaking an oath is manly or beastly. Unsexing herself, she tells him that â€Å"had I so sworn as you†, she would have plucked her nipples from her smiling baby and â€Å"dashed the brain out†. The structure of the passage under discussion here is clear; it is used by Shakespeare to reveal the true character Lady Macbeth. She is shown as a witch, a monster, whose concern as a wife is selfish and mechanical. The passage also shows that Macbeth is dominated by his wife, which precipitates his tragedy. At the same time, the metaphors in this passage reverberate again and again in the play to heighten the qualities of the character in Macbeth. He admits that it is â€Å"better be with the dead† than live a tortured life. Macbeth, like Hamlet, is aware of the predicaments from which a man

How would you set about assessing whether a particular strategy was Essay

How would you set about assessing whether a particular strategy was appropriate for your organisation - Essay Example A balanced scored is later on used to further evaluate the overall business performance and its progress towards attainment of objectives. Strategic management is a stage of managerial activity in which goal settings and tactics are set out. Strategic management provides a sense of direction to the organization and is in close proximity with the organization studies. In the domain of business administration, it is important to talk about strategic alignment as a link between an organization and its environment. As said by Adieu in 2007 "there is strategic consistency when the actions of an organization are consistent with the expectations of management, and these in turn are with the market and the context." (L) Strategic management involves not just the management team of an organization but also the Directorial Board and various other stake holders related to the organization. It also depends on the organizational structure of the organization. Strategic management is a process in its own right. It helps evaluate and control those industries associated with the business, which have already engaged with the company. It also helps ass’s competitors, sets goals and strategies, to counter all competitors and later on reassess every strategy chalked down annually or quarterly. It evaluates the overall impact of the strategy, whether it achieved desired objectives or should it be replaced due to changing trends and paradigms, in the wake of new economic, social, financial or political environment. (Simpson) 1. Situation Analysis: In a situation analysis, various types of analysis take place. Self evaluation as well as competitor analysis. They include both external and internal analysis. Macro and Micro environment factors are also set up. 2. Objective setting: Once a situation analysis has been completed, objectives are set. These objectives should run parallel to a time line. Some objectives are set for achieving short term goals and some for long

Individual Report Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Individual Report - Essay Example The analysis entails the resources and the organization’s performance in its external environments. This report describes the organizational paradigms and their impact on the process of strategic management. Introduction An organization defines its own ways of identifying its operations in its environment in order to guarantee profitable performance and customer satisfaction. This is achieved through the implementation of a given structure that determines the functions that warrant the objectives of the company. This is aligned to the key objective of a firm that is solely maximizing its profits. The organizational paradigms key issue assists in describing the structural design that is suitable to the accomplishment of the functional requirements (CARTER 2010). Therefore, organizational paradigms imply the fundamental presuppositions that unnoticeably define and shape an organizations structures, policies, and operations. Elements of Organizational Paradigms Organizational par adigms consist of four main elements according to its scientific description. The symbolic generalization is an element that gives ways that problems within the paradigm are posed and solved. The second element is the metaphysical assumptions (STRATI 2000). This element represents the taken-as-given beliefs about the issues that will be treated as real regarding the organizations operations and environment. The third element describes values that embody the fundamental priorities and alternatives of the problems pursued and the main objectives to adhere (DONALDSON 2001). Lastly, exemplars are an organizational paradigm’s element that deals with those worked-out methods and solutions that exhibit the whole world perception as a rational form. Rational Systems This is an organizational paradigm whose systems are highlighted by high specificity of formation, formalization, objectives, and a conscious purposeful synchronization among members in an effort to establish an efficient operated company. These characteristics of the objectives drive the mannerisms of the company’s members (HASSARD 1995). It also establishes boundaries through which the organization puts efforts to succeed in relation to the firms goals or community within which it seeks to aspire. In addition, the rational system is usually demonstrated by Taylor’s Scientific Management concept of methodical evaluation of an employee’s productivity seeking to set given standards of effectiveness and substitute the arbitrary decisions of front line managers (SCOTT 2003). Furthermore, the rational system addresses management effectiveness by establishing extensive administrative standards through concepts such as hierarchical organizational structures, unity-of-command, and departmentalization. Moreover, it ensures the homogeneity of operations to offer control and focus needed by a firm and its managerial service. The paradigm also offers a different viewpoint that demonstrates the model that companies need structures and procedures to serve and sustain their survival (SCOTT & DAVIS 2007). An example of an implemented rational system is the hierarchical centralized structure of the national security sector of our country. This entails the decision-making process that directs the sector. Each of the constituent part of the sector implements a good deal of the rational system concept. The disciplined forces services are usually affiliated with the

How would you set about assessing whether a particular strategy was Essay

How would you set about assessing whether a particular strategy was appropriate for your organisation - Essay Example A balanced scored is later on used to further evaluate the overall business performance and its progress towards attainment of objectives. Strategic management is a stage of managerial activity in which goal settings and tactics are set out. Strategic management provides a sense of direction to the organization and is in close proximity with the organization studies. In the domain of business administration, it is important to talk about strategic alignment as a link between an organization and its environment. As said by Adieu in 2007 "there is strategic consistency when the actions of an organization are consistent with the expectations of management, and these in turn are with the market and the context." (L) Strategic management involves not just the management team of an organization but also the Directorial Board and various other stake holders related to the organization. It also depends on the organizational structure of the organization. Strategic management is a process in its own right. It helps evaluate and control those industries associated with the business, which have already engaged with the company. It also helps ass’s competitors, sets goals and strategies, to counter all competitors and later on reassess every strategy chalked down annually or quarterly. It evaluates the overall impact of the strategy, whether it achieved desired objectives or should it be replaced due to changing trends and paradigms, in the wake of new economic, social, financial or political environment. (Simpson) 1. Situation Analysis: In a situation analysis, various types of analysis take place. Self evaluation as well as competitor analysis. They include both external and internal analysis. Macro and Micro environment factors are also set up. 2. Objective setting: Once a situation analysis has been completed, objectives are set. These objectives should run parallel to a time line. Some objectives are set for achieving short term goals and some for long

Scientific Management was the product of 19th Century industrial Essay - 5

Scientific Management was the product of 19th Century industrial practices and has no relevance to the present day. Discuss - Essay Example Taylor termed this as work soldering. An act of go slow within the industry amongst the employees (Montana 2008:210). The challenge to changing this was ‘complete revolution in the mental attitude and habits of all those involved in management, as well of the worksmen’ (p.4).Therefore, with this realization, the concept of scientific management came to birth. He continuously controlled workers engagement using a stopwatch. As this not enough, management shifted into one central planning department with only engineers having the license to execute such duties. Production of instructional cards from this department, reports meant that the whole picture on the flow of the work within the industry came clean. It ultimately turned to what Taylor craved for-a official practice and schedule in the industry. This resulted into scientific management in the industrial sector in the 19th Century. The approach proved ineffective. By the end of 19th century, people craved for alterna tive. Mechanical revolution industrial machines rendered this approach too rigid in modern times. The world has changed and morals approaches take center stage in today’s management away from Taylor’s rigid approach. ... The approach by Clegg seems to satirize Taylor’s limited perception of 19th century workers, whom he had reduced into mini-machines. For one to maximize on his workers, Clegg proposes an all-inclusive running of a factory or any organization (Clegg 2008: 230). This openness clears doubt from employees and a sense of togetherness instilled. It creates bonding between the authority and the working staff dealing with emerging issues easily within any given firm. As for workers, they input their labor in relation to the level of motivation within the firm. The theory and practice in management should always revolve around the worker. In page 358, Clegg argues that, â€Å"Knowledge management practitioners like to think of themselves†¦Ã¢â‚¬ . Today’s corporate world has even allowed workers access to departmental zones not to mention the respect of labor laws. Taylor’s restrictive approach only serves to limit down the work rate of employees. Clegg advocates fo r reasoning when an output in a firm is below the expected. The management should incorporate everyone to raise an issue and this comes as the only way to pushing any organization to its production zenith. He calls for a different treat of workers’ from away from equating them to machines as Taylor did. Today’s world of management has brought aesthetics in the work place. This comes when firm owners understand the taste of their institutions. This explains how important it is to work within the context of the organization. Aesthetic knowledge gives boost in an organizational practice, as it becomes the integral part of people do. It is the flexibility of an organization to create a space and open up to allow questioning of what exist. For example, when a human resource manager comes up with refresher programs

Human cloning and Immanuel Kant Essay Example for Free

Human cloning and Immanuel Kant Essay Over the last decade, the advent of cloning and advancements in human genetic research have presented society with a complicated moral quandary. Debate rages as to what constitutes legitimate paths of inquiry and where to draw the line as to research that strikes many people as morally wrong. The basic question is: how does society determine whats right? While, of course, questions regarding human genetic research are new, this basic question is as hold as civilization and has been addressed over and over again by historys great philosophers. One of the most notable philosophers of the modern era is Immanuel Kant, who was born in Prussia in 1724. Kant paid a great deal of attention to formulating a complex system of morality. The following examines Kantian morals and how they might be applied to questions of human genetic research. Kants moral theory is predicated on the idea of the categorical imperative, which Kant described in the following manner, Act only on that maxim which you can at the same time will to be a universal law(Honderich, 1995, p. 436). By the term maxim, Kant meant general rules or principles upon which rational individuals act, and that these principles reflect the end that an individual has in mind in choosing actions of a certain type in given circumstances (Honderich, 1995). Therefore, maxims are principles in the following form: When in an S-type situation, act in an A-type manner in order to attain end- E (Honderich, 1995, p. 436). For example, a person might resolve to pay a bill as soon as it is received in order to not incur any debt. Kant tested a maxim by performing a thought experiment in which the individual asks oneself whether or not one would will a certain maxim to become universal law. As this suggests, moral law, in the philosophy of Kant, is inherent in reason itself. It is a priori, before experience (Frost, 1962). In every circumstance, Kant believed that categorical imperative provides a sure criterion for how to evaluate right and wrong (Frost, 1962). Kant maintained that an action that the individual can easily will that everyone should follow and perform would necessarily have to be a good act (Frost, 1962). Morality for Kant not only involved law (categorical imperative) but also the ultimate end to which action is directed. As the formulation of the concept of categorical imperative suggests, the basic problem for Kant was to discern the meaning of right and wrong, good and bad (Frost, 1962, p. 94). Fundamental to Kants thinking was the principle formulated by Rousseau that the only fundamentally good thing in the universe is the human will governed by respect for the moral law or the consciousness of duty (Frost, 1962, p. 94). He considered a moral act to be one that is performed out of respect for moral law, rather than for selfish gain or sympathy for others (Frost, 1962). Therefore, unlike other moral systems, Kant did not see consequences as the criteria for determining the moral value of a specific action. Rather, Kant looked toward the intentions of the individual. If an individual acts from good intentions, out of respect for moral law, his actions, are by definition, good. Kant argued that individuals instinctively avoid behavior, which, if performed by everyone, would create anarchy. We know, not by reasoning, but by vivid and immediate feelings, that we must avoid behavior which, if adopted by all men, would render social life impossible (Durant, 1961, p. 209). As this brief summary of Kantian ethics suggests, if Kant were presented with the problem of the morality of genetic research, he would, first of all, be concerned about the motivations of the researchers, their intentions in conducting such research (Frost, 1962). In the furor that was quickly generated over the successfully cloning of a sheep, Dolly, the usefulness of cloning technology to current medical practice was pushed aside. Nevertheless, the applications are considerable. A great deal of technical information has been left out in the sensationalism that abounded in the media. For one thing, the media did not make it clear that Dolly was not an identical clone (Wilson,1997). Part of everyones genetic material comes from the mitochondria in the cytoplasm of the egg. In the case of Dolly, only the nuclear DNA was transferred (Wilson, 1997). This may have significant information to import to scientists concerning the aging process since aging is related to acquired mutations in mitochondrial DNA (Wilson, 1997, p. 913). Furthermore, as Dolly ages, it has been noted that she is aging prematurely, which provides another source of information for scientists, but also signals that this technology is far from perfected. Research conducted on nuclear transfer into human eggs has the possibility of providing an immense amount of information that may have clinical value, by providing a model for learning more about somatic cell differentiation (Wilson, 1997, p. 913). Eventually, in due course, scientists may learn how to influence cell differentiation and this could give rise to targeted cell types (Wilson, 1997). The ability to generate tissues from different cell types could have enormous implications for transplantation. Wilson (1997) anticipates this technology utilizing skin and blood cells, and possibly even neuronal tissue that could then be used in the treatment of injury, transplants for leukemia, and for degenerative disease such as Parkinsons disease (p. 913). In another area of research, the successful cloning of human growth hormone (HGH) is important for several reasons. First of all, a child that has pituitary dwarfism requires twice-weekly injections until reaching age of 20. In the past, HGH was could only be obtained by removal of human pituitary tissue at autopsy. To treat one child with pituitary dwarfism using previous methods required obtaining over a thousand pituitaries (Emery and Malcolm, 1995, p. 165). Not only has it been difficult in the past to produce enough HGH to successfully provide treatment to all the children who needed it, but small amounts of contaminating virus caused some of the children treated to develop Creutzfeldt-Jacob disease (Emery and Malcolm, 1995, p. 165). Cloning technology, which permits HGH to be produced artificially, has provided a readily available supply of HGH, which-in turn-has allowed the application of HGH in other treatments. For example, it has been discovered that HGH can be used to speed up the healing process for bone fractures (Emery and Malcolm, 1995). This is been particularly beneficial in treating the elderly (Emery and Malcolm, 1995). As this brief summary of scientific research being conducted into cloning and genetic research indicates, there are enormous benefits to be reaped from this new and controversial technology. Kant would undoubtedly approve of research that so obvious benefits humanity and society. What people seem to fear, and what would undoubtedly be wrong by any moral system, are nightmare scenarios propagated by the media and Hollywood. Images of clones being used simply as spare parts to extend the life of the rich, for example, has been dramatized in film. This sort of misuse of technology would constitute a threat to the social system and, therefore, would not pass Kants categorical imperative test. In other words, if everyone were cloned, it would significantly lower the way that human life is valued in our society. Also, the idea of human embryos being created and destroyed simply to further genetic research objectives is simply abhorrent on an instinctive level. Therefore, while it! can be seen that this technology needs to be carefully controlled and supervised in regards to moral issues, it should not be totally banned either, as it also has the power to benefit society to a great degree.

Brazilian Culture And Society

Brazilian Culture And Society The Portuguese populated Brazil in 16th century introduce African slaves to the nation. Further European, Asian, Middle Eastern group have departured established in this country. The native Guarani and Tupi citizens are also included in the people as well. In the present day Brazil has a relatively different background ethnicity too. As seen the language used by Brazilians quite varies. Brazilian Language Brazil Culture Society: Brazilian Multiplicity: Brazil is a blend of race ethnicities, resultant in prosperous multiplicity. Numerous unique Portuguese settlers wedded local women, which formed a original race, call mestizos who be descendents of the Portuguese African slaves. Slavery was abolished in 1888, created over instance an additional blur of cultural outline. Brazilian had intermarried to the tip that it at times seem too approximately everybody has a blend of African, European resident parentage. Brazilians Family unit ethics: The family is base of societal construction form the foundation of constancy for most citizens. Family tends to be big and the wide-range family is relatively close. The individual derive a social network support in era of necessitate from the family. Discrimination is considered as an optimistic thing while it implies that by employing individual one knows trust is of prime importance. The Brazilians Class System: In spite of mixing of ethnicities here is a class system in Brazil. The minority Brazilians possibly will describe as racially prejudiced even though community unfairness on the base of outer covering color is every day happening. On the whole group of darker brown skin people are economically and socially underprivileged. The Middle as well as Upper class groups frequently has only make short contact with the Lower class groups i.e. typically drivers, maids etc. Lower Class is resolute by economic status as well as skin color. There is an immense differentiation in earnings differential so the lifestyle social aspiration amongst the different classes. Even though women being 40% of the Brazilians workforce they are only found in lower salaried job i.e. Teaching, Nursing Administrative support. In 1988 establishment prohibit preferential treatment not in the favor of womens but inequality still continue living. The one place where women have achieved e quality is in government. Etiquettes and Customs in Brazil Meeting Etiquette: Men shake hands while greeting one another and maintain stable eye contact. Women in general kiss each other initiate with the left and irregular cheeks. Hug Backslapping are ordinary greetings among Brazilians friends. And in case if a woman desires to shake hands with a man then she needs to extend her hand initially. Gift Giving Etiquettes: If invited at Brazilians residence, get the hostess flowers or can even get a small gift. Orchids are considered to be one of the best gifts but always avoid the purple ones. Keep away from giving anything that is black or purple as these are sorrow colors. Even handkerchiefs are associated with funeral so it does not make good gift. Dining Etiquette: whenever you are invited to a Brazilians residence arrive at least 30 minutes before the given time for dinner where in there is a party or gathering arrive atleast 1hr late. They dress-up with a style judge others on their looks. Always dress sophisticatedly and go wrong on the side of over-dressing instead for under- dressing. If you dont get a gift to the hostess then too next day flowers are always appreciated. Business Etiquettes and Protocol in Brazil Communication Relationships: Brazilians need to understand as in how they are doing business with before they work successfully. Brazilians are in favor of personal meetings to written communication as it helps them to understand the individual with whom they do business. The personality they deal with is more significant than the company. As this is a group culture so it is important that you do nothing to disgrace a Brazilian. Criticizing an individual personality makes the person to lose face with in front of others in meeting. The one who makes the criticism also loses face as someone has disrespected the unwritten rule. Communication is at times informal does not depend on strict rules of protocol. Anybody who feels that he/she has something to say will normally add their view. It is considered good enough to disturb someone who is doing verbal communication. Here head to head verbal communication is favored over the on paper communication. But at the similar time when it comes to business agreement Brazilians claim on drawing up detailed legal contracts. Business Negotiation: Brazilians are more satisfied doing business with the people company they already know. Wait for your Brazilian colleagues to move up the business matter. Never rush the relationship- building occasion. Brazilians take time when there is a chance of negotiation. Do not rush them or seem to be annoyed. Expect an immense deal of time to be exhausted review information. It often happens that the people with whom you negotiate with will not have supervisory authority. It is always sensible to appoint a translator if youre Portuguese is not smooth. Use local lawyer accountant for discussions. Brazilians resent an external legal presence. Brazilians business is hierarchical. Decisions are always made by the highest-ranking individual. Brazilians discuss with people not with company. Never change the negotiation team you have choose before or you will have to start it all again from the beginning. Business Meeting Etiquettes: Business activities are essential can frequently be listed on short notice however it is considered best to make them in advance by two to three weeks. Authenticate the meeting in written. It is not unusual for the appointments to get cancelled or altered at the end moment. In Brasilia Sao Paulo it is very essential to arrive on time for meetings. Where as in Rio de Janeiro other cities it is appropriate if u arrive a bit late in meeting. Do not seem to be irritated if you are kept waiting. Brazilians perceive time as something outside their control demands of relationships takes priority over adhere to a strict schedule. Meetings are in general rather informal. Expect to be interrupted whereas you are talking or making a presentation even avoid confrontation. Never appear to be frustrated in front of your Brazilian colleagues. Dress Etiquettes: Brazilians feel pride on themselves by dressing well. Men should always wear conventional, dark colored business suit. As the three-piece suit typically indicate that someone is a director. Women should always wear suits or dresses which look elegant feminine with fine quality of accessories. Manicures are always expected. Business Cards: Business cards are always exchanged during introduction with each one at a meeting. It is sensible to have the additional business card which is being translated into Portuguese. Present the business card with the Portuguese side facing the beneficiary. Social issues in Brazil Poverty: Poverty in Brazil is on the whole visually represented by various faceless, slums in the countries urban areas remote upcountry region that undergo through economic underdevelopment below similar standard of living. An attempt to lessen these problems is the Fome Zero hunger-eradication program [2]implemented by the President Luiz Inà ¡cio Lula da Silva in the year 2003. Part of this is Bolsa Famà ­lia a most important anti-poverty program which provides money directly to the impoverished families to keep their kids in schools. The Government of Lulas compact the poverty rate by 19.8% based on labour income during the year June 2002 June 2006 according to Fundaà §Ãƒ £o Getà ºlio Vargas. In the year June 2006, 18.57% was rate of depression of inhabitants. The rate of poverty is in division credited to the countries economic differences. In the Gini coefficient index Brazil ranks 49.3% with the richest 10% of Brazilians receiving 42.7% of the nations earnings while the poorest 10% obtain less than 1.2% only. In the Gini coefficient index of inequality assessment Brazil ranks worlds highest. A study on the subject show that the poor part constitute approximately one third of the population the extremely poor make out about 13% 2005 figures. However the same study shows the income growth of the poorest 20% inhabitants segment to be almost in equality with China where as the richest 10% are stagnate. Reduction: Brazil might achieve social indicator similar to that of developed nations by 2016 if the country is capable enough to maintain the similar rate of reduction of intense poverty income disparity as recorded in the year 2003 to 2008. By the similar token the country may record an absolute shortage rate of 4%. The information was taken from a file issued by The Institute of Applied Economic Research linked to Secretariat of Strategic Affairs of the Presidency of the Republic. Public is considered exceptionally poor who earn up to 25% of one minimum wage for each month whereas the utterly poor earn up to 50% of one minimum wage for each month. If we make a projection of the finest performance lately recorded in Brazil in terms of poverty inequality reduction 2003-2008 period to the year of 2016 the result would be a very optimistic social viewpoint. Brazil may practically overcome the problem of intense poverty as well as accomplish a national total poverty rate of only 4% w hich means its near-eradication, the article states. The mass of the advancement achieve by Brazil in fighting poverty inequality is moreover directly or indirectly connected to the structuring of public policies of social intervention provided for in the federal constitution of 1988. The Ipea even points out three additional important factors to combating poverty inequality they are: Increase in social expenditure in the country which went from 19% of the Gross Domestic Product in 1990 to 21.9% of the GDP in 2005. Delegation of social policy with an inclusive role played by municipalities in the implementation of social policies as their contribution of social expenses rose 53.8% from the year 1980 to 2008. Social participation in the formatting management of social policies. According to the institution the institutional consolidation of the framework of social laws in Brazil would be a significant step towards maintaining in coming years the brawl against scarcity disparity in the country. It is essential that a new law be passed regulating social responsibility assure with funds, goals, coordination timetable .So that Brazil may attain social indicator alike to those presently seen in urban country. All of that must obviously obtain place with no backlash in conditions of contribution of society in the monitoring, formatting control of public policies. The Brazil Federal Government has also implemented expanded major subsidy programs in last few years such as Fome zero bolsa familia. It is for families deemed to be in the need of help support. Brazil has severe trouble with offence. It is roughly 23.8 homicides for each 1,00,000 inhabitants, muggings, robbery, kidnapping gang aggression are very common. Police brutality corruption are common. In response to all this the Brazilian Government established The National Public Security in June 2004 by the ministry of justice to do something in situation of urgent situation in times of disaster. CULTURAL ASPECT Heritage: In Brazil the National Institute for Historic and Artistic Heritage1 keeps documentation of buildings certified as historic urban centers, structures condominiums, archaeological sites, over one million stuff including a cinematographic, a thousand bibliographic volumes, musicological collection, archival documentation, video graphic records photographic in addition to that the Worldwide Heritage. The Iphan classify the Cultural Heritage of Brazil into two groups: Intangible Heritage: It is the one whose representation, information, practices, expressions techniques, items, artifacts, instruments sites are acknowledged by the community as an essential part of their cultural heritage. It is agreed on from age group to age group it is continuously recreated by community based on their surroundings i.e. communication with nature history. This procedure generates a feeling of individuality continuity. The Brazilian catalogue of intangible assets includes the Samba Centers in Rio de Janeiro ,the feasts Cà ­rio de Nossa Senhora de Nazarà ©, Frevo (Dance), Feira de Caruaru, the handicraft form of preparing the Minas Cheese ,Capoeira (Martial Art). Tangible Heritage: It comprises of the combination of cultural assets classified in accordance to their nature in the four Books of Certified Historic structure:- Applied arts and archaeology Historic Landscape and ethnography. Fine arts. The material assets comprises of the Architectural combination of historic cities:- Ouro Preto (MG) Paraty (RJ) Olinda (PE) Grutas do Lago Azul and Nossa Senhora Aparecida (Bonito MS) The Corcovado (Rio de Janeiro RJ) Sà £o Luà ­s (MA) landscapes such as Lenà §Ãƒ ³is (BA) Serra do Curral (Belo Horizonte MG). Literature Brazils poetry, drama fiction account for about partially the literary output of Latin America planned by the amount of title of individual books. Bookish advancement in Brazil approximately follows the countries most important chronological period characterize frequently by writing in the Baroque Arcadian styles The National Period since 1822. Many prominent writers of the Colonial Period were Jesuits who got fascinated by the new land its native inhabitants. Writers Year Creation Gregà ³rio de Matos 1623 to1696 Poetry layered on lyricism and mysticism Josà © de Alencar 1829 to 1877 Iracema about Indians, O Guarani, a historical novel, and novels on regional, social, and urgan affairs Castro Alves 1847 to 1871 Wrote about African slaves Gonà §alves Dias 1823 to 1864 Who wrote about Indians Tomà ¡s Antà ´nio Gonzaga 1744 to 1810 Lyric and epic poems Raimundo Correa 1860 to 1911 Parnassian triad Manuel Antà ´nio de Almeida 1831 to 1861 Initiating picaresque literature in Brazil Joaquim Manuel de Macedo 1820 to 1882 A Moreninha, a popular story Alfredo dEscragnolle Taunay 1843 to 1899 Inocà ªncia Olavo Billac 1865 to 1918 Parnassian triad The prose of Euclides da Cunha 1866-1908 was committed to be a Brazilian literature portrays social realities. Machado de Assis 1839-1908 widely acclaim as the greatest Brazilian novelist of 19th century. Machado de Assis was unique because of the universality of his novel essays is considered one of the most vital influential writers of fiction in Brazil. In the beginning of the 20th century innovative state of mind imbued Brazilian artists culminating in the celebration in Sà £o Paulo of The 1922 Week of Modern Art held. These new way thoughts propelled an artistic revolution that appealed to the feelings of pride for national ancestry, folklore history. The leader of the literary phase was Mà ¡rio de Andrade from 1893-1945 who wrote Brazilian folklore, poems, fine art, essay on literature, melody Macunaà ­ma which he named rhapsody not a novel. The writer Oswald de Andrade from 1890-1953 wrote a collection of poetries entitled Pau-Brazil which assess Brazil culture, superstition, first time in Brazilian poems with hilarity. Jorge Amado first novelist who translated into 33 languages were heavily prejudiced by his belief in Marxist thoughts concentrated on the suffering of workforce on the cocoa plantation which had received worldwide approval. There are few other significant Brazilian writers. They are as follows: Gilberto Freyre from the year 1900 to1987 is author of Casa Grande Senzala i.e. The Masters and The Slaves. It is a perceptive learning of Brazilian society. Joà £o Cabral de Melo Neto the best known Brazilian poets. His poems are sober ,he also uses terms with the precision in building material. Vinicius de Moraes known worldwide from the year 1913to1980. His poems became part parcel of the bossa nova musical movement which is produced to be a new style of samba the classically Brazilian beat. And also wrote play i.e. Orfeu da Canceicao, it became internationally famous as film Black Orpheus. List of Poet Novelist who are Living or Recently Deceased: Living or recently deceased novelist Living or recently deceased poet Orà ­genes Lessa Raul Bopp Adonias Filho Murilo Mendes Érico Verà ­ssimo Augusto Frederico Dinah Silveira de Queiroz Schmidt Lygia Fagundes Telles Mà ¡rio Quintana Herberto Sales Cassiano Ricardo Rubem Fonseca Jorge de Lima Clarice Lispector Ferreira Gullar Dalton Trevisan Cecà ­lia Meireles Nà ©lida Pià ±on Augusto de Campos Osman Lins Haroldo de C Paulo Coelho Moacir Scliar Music Brazils origins the Indians with red flutes Portuguese with singers viola players, and the Africans with their many thrilling rhythms make it a musical country. From the classical compositions of Villa-Lobos, to the soft sounds of bossa nova to the driving beat of samba, Brazil has developed music of striking sophistication, quality, and diversity. The Jesuits made use of the music to catechize the Indians by replacing the original words with religious ones using the Tupi language. They also introduced the Gregorian chant and taught the flute, bow instruments, and the clavichord. Music accompanied the sacramental ceremonies which were performed in village and church plazas. Dance called Lundu used by Negro slaves is considered to be one of the most importan. It was one of the popular musical forms it was even sung in the Portuguese C musicourt. In the second half of the l8th century during the 19th century the sentimental love song called the modinha was popular it was sung both in Brazils salons. By the end of the century, Carlos Gomes from the year 1836 to 1896 produced a number of operas in the existing Italian fashion especially Il Guarany an opera ease on a well-known Brazilian novel by Josà © de Alencar. The first Brazilian composer Brasà ­lio Itiberà ª from the year 1848 to 1913 was to use a well-liked national motif in erudite music. In the year 1869 he composed A Sertaneja which was played by Franz Liszt has remained active in the piano repertoire. Brazils popular music developed similar to the classical music it also united traditional European instruments guitar, piano flute with a whole rhythm part of sound produced by frying pan, tiny barrels with a membrane a stick inside that make wheezing sounds tambourines. In the period of 1930 popular Brazilian music played on radio became powerful means of mass communication. The best composers of the period 1903 to 2963 were: Noel Rosa Lamartine Babo Ary Barroso In the year 1968 during the period of autocracy, urban guerrillas anxiety of about how to alter the political structure. The Tropicalists appear Caetano Veloso, Gilberto Gil Gal Costa. Tropicalism is described as a combination of national rhythms along with international music. He has his own creations and they are Lyrical, intellectual with faster tempos fuller rhythms than bossa nova. Brazils popular regional music includes the forrà ³ from northeast region where the accordion the flute join guitars percussion in a foot-stomping countryside dance. The frevo also from the northeast region which has a lively simple style. the chorinho from Rio which combines various type size of guitar, flutes, percussions an occasional clarinet or saxophone in a tender form of instrumental music international successful lambada. Lambada dance got its name from Portuguese. Labana is a sensual fast paced dance form; it is named out of a Portuguese verb which means to whip or flog which means smacking of the thigh alongside another thigh. Samba is one of the most seductive and popular rhythm of Brazil. The exact origin of samba is still a mystery. It is still said that samba has originate in the streets of Rio de Janeiro and it also had the contribution from various other cultures such as Portuguese nation songs, African tunes, and one of the Indian fast footwork. It is believed that samba is just an African origin and that it is evolve from the batuque, it is a music based done by beating instruments and hand clapping. Now a days Brazilian music had become popular is exploring new rhythms melodies. Its interpreters and composer use all possible sources to grab different kinds of music in the Brazilian songs so as to make Brazilian music more famous and popular to its world audience. Some of its famous performers are as under: Maria Bethania. Alcione Roberto Carlos. Cazuza, Ney Matogrosso Rita Lee Milton Nascimento Hermeto Pascoal Fafà ¡ de Belà ©m Chità £ozinho and Chororà ³ Elba Ramalho Alceu Valenà §a Luiz Gonzaga Luiz Gonzaga Jr. Joà £o Bosco Djavan Ivan Lins Marisa Monte Elis Regina. brazilian music ARTIST ARE PERFORMING A DANCE ON BRAZILLIAN MUSIC

Cultural Change and Survival in Amish Society Essay -- Amish Culture S

Cultural Change and Survival in Amish Society I. Introduction Watching the Amish riding their horse drawn carriages through Lancaster County, Pennsylvania, you catch a glimpse of how life would have been 150 years ago. The Amish, without their electricity, cars, and television appear to be a static culture, never changing. This, however, is just an illusion. In fact, the Amish are a dynamic culture which is, through market forces and other means, continually interacting with the enormously tempting culture of America. So, one might be led to wonder how a culture like the Amish, one that seems so anachronistic, has not only survived but has grown and flourished while surrounded by a culture that would seem to be so detrimental to its basic ideals. The Amish, through biological reproduction, resistance to outside culture, compromise, and a strong ethnic symbolism have managed to stave off a culture that waits to engulf them. Why study the Amish? One answer would be, of course, to learn about their seemingly pure cooperative society and value syst em (called Ordung). From this, one may hope to learn how to better America's problem of individualism and lack of moral or ethical beliefs. However, there is another reason to study the Amish. Because the Amish have remained such a large and distinct culture from our own, they provide an opportunity to study the effects of cultural transmission, resistance, and change, as well as the results of strong symbolism in maintaining ethnic and cultural isolation. II. History of the Amish The Amish have their roots in the Protestant Reformation of 16th century Europe, led by Martin Luther. Of these Protestant groups one sect was the Anabaptists. The first Anabaptist group was kno... ...the Amish except for their use of language and plain dress, would not have been distinct from most other 19th century farmers. This in essence allowed for the early survival and establishment of Amish culture in the United States. References Gelles, Richard J. and Levine, Ann. 1995. Sociology, An Introduction . Fifth Edition. New York, New York: McGraw-Hill. Good, Merele and Phyllis. 1979. 20 Most Asked Questions about the Amish and Mennonites. Lancaster, Pennsylvania: Good Books. Hostetler, John A. 1983. Amish Life . Scottdale, Pennsylvania: Herald Press. Kraybill, Donald B. 1990. The Puzzles of Amish Life . Intercourse, Pennsylvania: Good Books. Microsoft Encarta Encyclopedia. 1997. Amish . 1993-1996 Microsoft Corporation. Pennsylvania Dutch Country Welcome Center. 1997. Amish FAQ. http://www.800padutch.com/atfaq.html Cultural Change and Survival in Amish Society Essay -- Amish Culture S Cultural Change and Survival in Amish Society I. Introduction Watching the Amish riding their horse drawn carriages through Lancaster County, Pennsylvania, you catch a glimpse of how life would have been 150 years ago. The Amish, without their electricity, cars, and television appear to be a static culture, never changing. This, however, is just an illusion. In fact, the Amish are a dynamic culture which is, through market forces and other means, continually interacting with the enormously tempting culture of America. So, one might be led to wonder how a culture like the Amish, one that seems so anachronistic, has not only survived but has grown and flourished while surrounded by a culture that would seem to be so detrimental to its basic ideals. The Amish, through biological reproduction, resistance to outside culture, compromise, and a strong ethnic symbolism have managed to stave off a culture that waits to engulf them. Why study the Amish? One answer would be, of course, to learn about their seemingly pure cooperative society and value syst em (called Ordung). From this, one may hope to learn how to better America's problem of individualism and lack of moral or ethical beliefs. However, there is another reason to study the Amish. Because the Amish have remained such a large and distinct culture from our own, they provide an opportunity to study the effects of cultural transmission, resistance, and change, as well as the results of strong symbolism in maintaining ethnic and cultural isolation. II. History of the Amish The Amish have their roots in the Protestant Reformation of 16th century Europe, led by Martin Luther. Of these Protestant groups one sect was the Anabaptists. The first Anabaptist group was kno... ...the Amish except for their use of language and plain dress, would not have been distinct from most other 19th century farmers. This in essence allowed for the early survival and establishment of Amish culture in the United States. References Gelles, Richard J. and Levine, Ann. 1995. Sociology, An Introduction . Fifth Edition. New York, New York: McGraw-Hill. Good, Merele and Phyllis. 1979. 20 Most Asked Questions about the Amish and Mennonites. Lancaster, Pennsylvania: Good Books. Hostetler, John A. 1983. Amish Life . Scottdale, Pennsylvania: Herald Press. Kraybill, Donald B. 1990. The Puzzles of Amish Life . Intercourse, Pennsylvania: Good Books. Microsoft Encarta Encyclopedia. 1997. Amish . 1993-1996 Microsoft Corporation. Pennsylvania Dutch Country Welcome Center. 1997. Amish FAQ. http://www.800padutch.com/atfaq.html

Trapped in the Middle :: Essays Papers

Trapped in the Middle The middle. When one thinks of the middle, he or she may think about the middle of a street, a class, or the middle of the country. One may also consider the middle of thought, traffic, or of an argument. After asking more than ten people what they thought of what the middle was, none of them ever mentioned the middle of two cultures or traditions. In the essay, The Homeland, written by Gloria Anzaldua, Anzaldua describes her homeland as being a little of both Mexican and American cultures. She talks about the history of Mexico and how the borders between Mexico and the United States were created. She explains how the creation of the border has dramatically changed the lives of the Mexican people. She describes the border by using many metaphorical devices; one such example is that of the ocean, â€Å"where earth touches ocean, where the two overlap; a gentle coming together, and at other times and places a violent clash† (Anzaldua, 319). Anzaldua is very rea listic and descriptive in her text. She uses many forms of writing in her personal narrative, which creates an eye-opening and touching story. She concludes her essay with giving the reader a metaphor of what her homeland is to her, a â€Å"thin edge of barbed wire† (327). Anzaldua explains how she is stuck in the middle of two cultures due to a variety of reasons. Those reasons include, the fact that she struggles knowing that the Mexicans must depend on the Americans to live; yet the Americans are too ignorant to even know what is going on. Moreover, the fact that she lives in America yet her heart and soul lie in the Mexican culture causes her to feel split between the two traditions. I, too, feel for Anzaldua, yet I am Portuguese and not Mexican. Though I do not relate completely with her, I do in many ways. After reading The Homeland, I was opened up to a new story about another culture and at the same time it opened myself up to new ideas about my own. After reading Andaldua’s The Homeland, I was shocked to see myself realize that much of the information that she presented had already been exposed to me, yet I never bothered to look at both perspectives.

Is Violence in Film Realistic? Essay

Enough was a movie made in 2002 featuring Jennifer Lopez as the female lead character. The plot of the story centers about Slim Hiller, played by Jennifer Lopez, who is a young mother and is married to an abusive husband. After years of abuse, she escapes but continues to hide her identity as well as her child’s. Time and time again her husband finds them, and Slim must again suffer violence at the hands of her husband. Eventually, Slim realizes that she will never escaper her husband and must come up with a different approach if she is ever to live freely again. She learns to defend herself and sets a trap for her husband. When he abuses her the next time, it will be the last time, because she kills him in self defense. This is a great action packed movie but not very realistic in terms of depicting domestic violence against women. Domestic violence is messy, physically and emotionally, and never comes as neatly packaged as in the movie. Domestic violence victims are women who have struggled with an abusive husband for a long time. She has children, and no means to support herself. She is physical and emotionally dependent on the man that beats her. A domestically abused woman rarely leaves her husband, and she spends the bulk of her life juggling between tolerating the physical abuse and trying to appease her husband. Women who are battered in real life do not want or get revenge. Abused women do not want to kill their husbands they just want to be left alone. Also, in real life domestic violence is much more subtle and often ends in death of the woman not the man. Depicting domestic violence in film does two contrasting things. The depiction can bring to light society’s epidemic of domestic violence. However, because it is a movie, and fiction it can easily be dismissed – as just a movie! I feel that domestic violence was not portrayed realistically in Enough. The movie was meant to be an action packed story where the good girl wins, unfortunately that never happens in real life. Works Cited Enough. Dir. Michael Apted. Perfs. Jennifer Lopez, Bill Cambell. Film. Columbia Pictures, 2002.

A Mir Case Essay

In the Case, â€Å"A Mir Case† there are many Organizational Behavioural issues involved. There was no team cohesion amongst the researchers and this was in a large part due to the composition of the team. This composition in itself created many cross cultural, gender and communication issues, which resulted in the conflict amongst the individuals. One factor that influences team cohesion is the members’ similarities and in this case we see the Russians forming their own group (due to their similarities and cultural beliefs and views) and the new international researches forming another group amongst themselves. Another division amongst the group was due to the language barriers. . Language differences are a huge source of communication noise as it lessens effective communication as words and meanings can be easily misunderstood. Along with the language barrier, there was also cross cultural and cross gender communication issues. The Japanese and Austrian saw the inclusion of the female participant to be positive and treated her with respect, the Russians felt she had to be endured and looked at her as a sex-symbol and not a team member. There were also cultural differences as the Russian were seen to be more aggressive and dominating and while the Austrian, the Japanese and the French researcher saw the kiss as a form of sexual harassment, the Russians saw nothing wrong in this â€Å"stolen kiss. † These actions by the Russians (which were due in part to the cultural differences) now has serious repercussions as the other researchers now felt as though they were in a hostile environment which in turn leads to high levels of stress. To make matters worse, there was no intervention by a mediatory or leader from IBMP to help resolve the conflict which only further escalated the problems. Within the individuals there was no emergence of a leader and no one to take charge of the situation and work towards resolving the conflict. In essence, the lack of team dynamic and cohesion and the cross cultural differentiation all escalated to a conflict that was never resolved or addressed rather it was avoided by Moscow’s Institute for Biomedical Problems (IBMP), who classes the conflict as all a part of the experiment. As mentioned in the case, the purpose of the experiment was to learn about the dynamics of isolation, as they would apply this knowledge to the International Space Station, who would be sending people into space for long periods of time. For this to work, the group would really need to learn how to work effectively as a team and how to overcome conflicts that would naturally arise. In this situation, the individuals really need someone to step up as a leader and take charge of the situation. This would be a positive step, as the leader can work with the individuals to form a cohesive team and initiate some conflict resolution. However this solution will be challenging as the Russians will probably not want to listen to someone who is not Russian and due to their aggressive nature, the other researchers may not want a Russian as their team leader either. As a result it would really take an understanding, open, motivated and influential person to take charge of this team. The individuals also needed conflict resolution. The company should have looked at third party conflict resolution as a means of working through this issue. This would be best as it would be an outside person who is able to be neutral and help the conflicting parties resolve their differences. However this mediator would interfere with the experiment, because if this incident did take place in space, there would be no mediator to send. Due to the fight and the kiss, this conflict escalated to a very high level as one individual felt violated. As a result conflict management is definitely needed. Though IBMP did not want to intervene, sexual harassment is a serious claim and needed to be addressed. A mediator needed to get involved to work through this crisis. A mediator will not only help to diffuse the issue but will show the researchers who were upset with the incident that the company is not avoiding the issue but is taking it seriously. That mediator would first off have to look at ways to reduce differentiation by creating common experiences. The mediator would have to find a way to show the cross cultural differences and show the Russians that what is acceptable in their culture is not in others and vice versa. The researchers need to find the commonalities within each other in order to live and work more effectively. After differentiation has been reduced the mediator would also have to look at ways to improve communication and understanding. Through this experiment IBMP would be able to tell the International Space Station (and implement in future experiments) that you cannot isolate people with different genders, cultures, languages together without first giving them a chance to get to know one another. The group should be asked to choose a team leader first and given some time to form their team dynamics. The group should be able to socialize together, learn about each other’s’ ultures and lifestyles and go through the team processes of storming and norming before being isolated in space. The group should also be given some regulations to follow, as ambiguous rules tend to lead to conflict. Certain common norms, for example, that sexual harassment and violence will not be tolerated should be instituted. Of course due to the different cultures, it will have to be clarified what is meant by sexual harassment and violence. With a good group dynamic, with a clear team leader and some rules in place the group should be able to reduce conflict and function more effectively.